{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T08:39:57Z","timestamp":1774082397257,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) has become the main target for antiviral and vaccine development. Despite its relevance, e information is scarse about its evolutionary traces. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversification patterns of the spike for each clade of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 through different approaches. Two thousand and one hundred sequences representing the seven clades of the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 were included. Patterns of genetic diversifications and nucleotide evolutionary rate were estimated for the spike genomic region. The haplotype networks showed a star shape, where multiple haplotypes with few nucleotide differences diverge from a common ancestor. Four hundred seventy\u2010nine different haplotypes were defined in the seven analyzed clades. The main haplotype, named Hap\u20101, was the most frequent for clades G (54%), GH (54%), and GR (56%) and a different haplotype (named Hap\u2010252) was the most important for clades L (63.3%), O (39.7%), S (51.7%), and V (70%). The evolutionary rate for the spike protein was estimated as 1.08\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup> nucleotide substitutions\/site\/year. Moreover, the nucleotide evolutionary rate after nine months of the pandemic was similar for each clade. In conclusion, the present evolutionary analysis is relevant as the spike protein of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 is the target for most therapeutic candidates; besides, changes in this protein could have consequences on viral transmission, response to antivirals and efficacy of vaccines. Moreover, the evolutionary characterization of clades improves knowledge of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and deserves to be assessed in more detail as re\u2010infection by different phylogenetic clades has been reported.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T10:47:08Z","timestamp":1611917228000},"page":"3000-3006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Evolutionary analysis of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 spike protein for its different clades"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Mat\u00edas J.","family":"Pereson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriolog\u00eda y Virolog\u00eda Molecular (IBaViM),\u00a0Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET),\u00a0Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego M.","family":"Flichman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET),\u00a0Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y S\u00edndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (INBIRS) \u2013 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfredo P.","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Section, Centro de Educaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica e Investigaciones Cl\u00ednicas Norberto Quirno \"CEMIC\" Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Bar\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET),\u00a0Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) \u2013 Academia Nacional de Medicina Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel H.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriolog\u00eda y Virolog\u00eda Molecular (IBaViM),\u00a0Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9771-9705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico A.","family":"Di Lello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriolog\u00eda y Virolog\u00eda Molecular (IBaViM),\u00a0Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET),\u00a0Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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