{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:39:12Z","timestamp":1785285552883,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Adverse outcomes in coronavirus infection disease\u201019 (COVID\u201019) patients are not always due to the direct effects of the viral infection, but often due to bacterial coinfection. However, the risk factors for such bacterial coinfection are hitherto unknown. A case\u2010control study was conducted to determine risk factors for bacterial infection in moderate to critical COVID\u201019. Out of a total of 50 cases and 50 controls, the proportion of cases with severe\/critical disease at presentation was 80% in cases compared to 30% in controls (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The predominant site was hospital\u2010acquired pneumonia (72%) and the majority were Gram\u2010negative organisms (82%). The overall mortality was 30%, with comparatively higher mortality among cases (42% vs. 18%;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.009). There was no difference between procalcitonin levels in both groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.883). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, significant independent association was found with severe\/critical COVID\u201019 at presentation (AOR: 4.42 times; 95% CI: 1.63\u201311.9) and use of steroids (AOR: 4.60; 95% CI: 1.24\u201317.05). Notably, 64% of controls were administered antibiotics despite the absence of bacterial coinfection or secondary infection. Risk factors for bacterial infections in moderate to critically ill patients with COVID\u201019 include critical illness at presentation and use of steroids. There is widespread empiric antibiotic utilization in those without bacterial infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T06:25:40Z","timestamp":1617690340000},"page":"4564-4569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Risk factors for bacterial infections in patients with moderate to severe COVID\u201019: A case\u2010control study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1610-8748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nosheen","family":"Nasir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Aga Khan University  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fazal","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Aga Khan University  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Furrukh","family":"Omair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Aga Khan University  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038695"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182416f23"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa524"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa902"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"2459","article-title":"Bacterial and fungal co\u2010infection in individuals with coronavirus: a rapid review to support COVID\u201019 antimicrobial prescribing","volume":"71","author":"Rawson TM","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1239"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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CDC\/NHSN Surveillance Definitions for Specific Types of Infections.2020.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nhsn\/pdfs\/pscmanual\/17pscnosinfdef_current.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16761"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.07.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.126"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05374-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26441"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.03.004"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.27000","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jmv.27000","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.27000","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T01:41:29Z","timestamp":1720489289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmv.27000"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmv.27000"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.27000","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.01.09.21249498","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-154681\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0146-6615","1096-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-6615","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}