{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:04:01Z","timestamp":1791389041403,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The human immune system is not adequately equipped to eliminate new microbes and could result in serious damage on first exposure. This is primarily attributed to the exaggerated immune response (inflammatory disease), which may prove detrimental to the host, as evidenced by SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection. From the experiences of Novel Coronavirus Disease\u201019 to date, male patients are likely to suffer from high\u2010intensity inflammation and disease severity than the female population. Hormones are considered the significant pillars of sex differences responsible for the discrepancy in immune response exhibited by males and females. Females appear to be better equipped to counter invading respiratory viral pathogens, including the novel SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, than males. It can be hypothesized that females are more shielded from disease severity, probably owing to the diverse action\/influence of estrogen and other sex hormones on both cellular (thymus\u2010derived T lymphocytes) and humoral immunity (antibodies).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]],"date-time":"2021-05-15T03:07:22Z","timestamp":1621048042000},"page":"5295-5309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Immunological aspects and gender bias during respiratory viral infections including novel Coronavirus disease\u201019 (COVID\u201019): A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Sabitha","family":"Vadakedath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences  Karimnagar Telangana India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7197-0448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venkataramana","family":"Kandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences  Karimnagar Telangana India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7623-3343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranjan K.","family":"Mohapatra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Government College of Engineering  Keonjhar Odisha India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkata B. K.","family":"Pinnelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre  Bangalore Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richa R.","family":"Yegurla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences  Karimnagar Telangana India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen R.","family":"Shahapur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology BLDE University  Bijapur Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikram","family":"Godishala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Ganapthi Degree College  Parakal Telangana India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1855-5296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senthilkumar","family":"Natesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar  Ganghinagar Gujarat India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5999-1118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kranti S.","family":"Vora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar  Ganghinagar Gujarat India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1040-3746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khan","family":"Sharun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgery ICAR\u2010Indian Veterinary Research Institute  Bareilly Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7763-5547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruchi","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU)  Mathura India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5388-3183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Bilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Food Engineering Huaiyin Institute of Technology  Huaian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7469-4752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuldeep","family":"Dhama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology ICAR\u2010Indian Veterinary Research Institute  Bareilly Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000226912.88900.a3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA07283D"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2020.101315"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2314808X.2021.1907915"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.14.3.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02536-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00028-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101755"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2020.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00513-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9122679"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-100914\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24265"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa373"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030076"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.01.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200508-090JS"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/440435a"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00671-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.06.00666"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-016-0558-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","volume-title":"Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment","author":"Shandera WX","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25674"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218097"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2700-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/ARM.2020.0133"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa139"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12948-020-00129-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092685"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1198"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-020-01793-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14817"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rth2.12439"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.632123"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2009.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107171"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.01.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.05.979260"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-018-0185-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00635"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02147"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccas.2020.04.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0348-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2020.102116"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2009.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102452"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16659"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2018.18.e27"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-020-00172-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11010041"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201100047"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-020-05677-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.567824"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","unstructured":"Oestrogen.https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/oestrogen#:~:text=Oestrogen%20is%20one%20of%20the puberty. Accessed July 20 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.53050"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601896"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14707"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07993-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2015.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/90659"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102468"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117921"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2015.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_1","first-page":"102","volume-title":"Kuby Immunology","author":"Owen J","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI14873"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_74_1","unstructured":"FountainJH LappinSL.Physiology Renin\u2010Angiotensin System. 2020https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470410\/. Accessed May 9 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.cj-12-1544"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hps088"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-115"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005840"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.10.110"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1402468111"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/critrevimmunol.v32.i1.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/129383"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers3021691"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_13_84_1","first-page":"375","article-title":"The role of DNA methylation in estrogen\u2010induced transformation of human breast epithelial cells","volume":"66","author":"Fernandez SV","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa127"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.108.093971"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.4.2088"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339900800510"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5581\/1516-8484.20110100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200904-020RM"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15224"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.107.063545"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00810"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900741"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-01-071340"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2014.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2007.02670.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/657416"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.6.2448"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002641"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.4A1113-604RR"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00018.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2016.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2007.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201040304"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030243"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01512"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0320(19960315)26:13.0.CO;2-E"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.27081","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jmv.27081","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.27081","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T12:02:17Z","timestamp":1692964937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmv.27081"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmv.27081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.27081","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-6615","1096-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-6615","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}