{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:08:28Z","timestamp":1782796108278,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over the months of April and May 2021, South Africa has witnessed several outbreaks of highly infective avian influenza (H5N1) in different poultry farms. This came as a shock to a country that was already battling with the deadly COVID\u201019 pandemic. The emergence of the virus has spurred import bans and massive culls in the poultry business. Local experts have also called for a restriction on the movement of people and cars in and out of their chicken farms. Employees have also been encouraged to shower in the mornings when they arrive at the farms and wear fresh clothes, as the flu spreads very quickly. In a country that is already facing the economic implications of the COVID\u201019, this has the potential to cause a significant dent in the economy, as well as severely impact people's day\u2010to\u2010day life. Bird flu\u2014also called avian influenza\u2014is a viral infection that can infect not only birds but also humans and other animals. The threat of a new influenza pandemic has prompted countries to draft national strategic preparedness plans to prevent, contain and mitigate the next human influenza pandemic. This paper describes the South African burden, current efforts, and preparedness against the avian influenza virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T20:14:02Z","timestamp":1622751242000},"page":"5676-5679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Bird flu outbreak amidst COVID\u201019 pandemic in South Africa: Efforts and challenges at hand"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0692-9027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Uwishema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oli Health Magazine Organization Research and Education Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Clinton Global Initiative University New York New York USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Karadeniz Technical University Trabzon Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5491-5412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lubanga F.","family":"Adriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oli Health Magazine Organization Research and Education Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"University of Malawi College of Medicine Blantyre Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6274-3358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elie","family":"Chalhoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oli Health Magazine Organization Research and Education Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Saint Joseph of Beirut Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3846-847X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Onyeaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B152TT UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Mhanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oli Health Magazine Organization Research and Education Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Saint Joseph of Beirut Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3792-8326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Success C.","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oli Health Magazine Organization Research and Education Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Faculty of pharmaceutical Sciences University of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3819-9866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yves","family":"Nasrallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oli Health Magazine Organization Research and Education Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Medical Sciences Holy Spirit University of Kaslik Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7620-6393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas L. 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