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We confirm and extend data on incomplete avidity maturation of IgG toward\u00a0severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) nucleoprotein (NP), spike protein\u20101 (S1), and its receptor\u2010binding domain (RBD) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) patients. In SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010infected individuals, an initial rise in avidity maturation was ending abruptly, leading to IgG of persistently low or intermediate avidity. Incomplete avidity maturation might facilitate secondary SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infections and thus prevent the establishment of herd immunity. Incomplete avidity maturation after infection with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 (with only 11.8% of cases showing finally IgG of high avidity, that is, an avidity index &gt; 0.6) was contrasted by regular and rapid establishment of high avidity in SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 na\u00efve individuals after two vaccination steps with the BioNTech messenger RNA (mRNA) Vaccine (78% of cases with high avidity). One vaccination step was not sufficient for induction of complete avidity maturation in vaccinated SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 na\u00efve individuals, as it induced high avidity only in 2.9% of cases within 3 weeks. However, one vaccination step was sufficient to induce high avidity in individuals with previous SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T12:44:02Z","timestamp":1628858642000},"page":"6765-6777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Vaccination versus infection with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102: Establishment of a high avidity IgG response versus incomplete avidity maturation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Friedhelm","family":"Struck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mikrogen GmbH Neuried Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Schreiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mikrogen GmbH Neuried Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Staschik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mikrogen GmbH Neuried Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Wochinz\u2010Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mikrogen GmbH Neuried Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mikrogen GmbH Neuried Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erwin","family":"Soutschek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mikrogen GmbH Neuried Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Motz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mikrogen GmbH Neuried Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3134-3885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology Medical Center\u2013University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa344"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25702"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.01.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26262"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0965-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-00813-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101572"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.15.20131672"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02590-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26863"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00895a027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/352530a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00013542-199307000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17530059.1.4.511"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa581"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI142004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.16.155580"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.re-131195\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-075032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.570018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1389"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/430615"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","unstructured":"Struck F Schreiner P Staschik E et al. 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