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Since then, there have been several documented outbreaks of swine\u2010origin influenza infecting humans in several countries. Sustained events have occurred when H1N1v, H1N2v, and H3N2v swine\u2010origin viruses have infected humans visiting agricultural shows in the US. The predominant H3N2v viruses gained the matrix protein from the A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, with reported human\u2010to\u2010human transmission raising fears of another pandemic. Current vaccines do not induce secondary cell\u2010mediated immune responses, which may provide cross\u2010protection against novel influenza A subtypes, however, population susceptibility to infection with seasonal influenza is likely to be influenced by cross\u2010reactive CD8+ T\u2010cells directed towards immunogenic peptides derived from viral proteins. This study involved a retrospective review of historical influenza viruses circulating in human populations from 1918 to 2020 to identify evidence of prior circulation of H3N3v immunogenic CD8+ T\u2010cells peptides found in the NP and M1 proteins. We found evidence of prior circulation of H3N2v NP and M1 immunogenic peptides in historical influenza viruses. This provides insight into the population context in which influenza viruses emerge and may help inform immunogenic peptide selection for cytotoxic T\u2010cell lymphocytes (CTL)\u2010inducing influenza vaccines. Next\u2010generation vaccines capable of eliciting CD8+ T\u2010cell\u2010mediated cross\u2010protective immunity may offer a long\u2010term alternative strategy for influenza vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T16:26:23Z","timestamp":1630081583000},"page":"567-574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Likelihood of prior exposure to circulating influenza viruses resulting in cross\u2010protection by CD8+ T cells against emergent H3N2v swine viruses infecting humans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8751-5730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi","family":"Komadina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheena G.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital and the Department of Infectious Diseases The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Leder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Services, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jodie","family":"McVernon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Epidemiology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Modelling and Simulation Unit Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12533"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00347"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1201.050965"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08157"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2001.121848"},{"issue":"39","key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"785","article-title":"Update: influenza activity\u2014United States and worldwide, May 20\u2013September 22, 201","volume":"61","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"2012","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02625-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit273"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12425"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.18.8243-8251.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05794-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1805.111922"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v4091438"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-017-0606-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0002-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2654"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201411-1988OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3350"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.13.30494"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322229111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","unstructured":"R Core Team. 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