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Most Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infections are subclinical; only 1: 250 to 1:1000 infected persons develop clinical presentations. Delay in proper diagnosis of JE affects the timeliness of treatment initiation and increases the mortality rate in patients. Therefore, there is an extreme need to develop potential biomarkers,\u00a0which might improve the diagnosis and can become the basis for development of new therapeutics. The microRNAs (miRNAs\/or miRs) are small noncoding RNAs of 17\u201324 nucleotides that are known to regulate about 60% of human genes. Although miRNAs have been found to regulate various aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses, less information on circulating miRNAs in JE is known. The study of JEV infected human serum miRNAs will provide novel information for the diagnosis of JE as well as for the improvement of disease outcome.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Total RNA, including miRNA, was extracted from serum followed by the complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis by using sequence\u2010specific primers. cDNA was amplified using target\u2010specific TaqMan MicroRNA Assay. Real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction data was normalized using both exogenous (cel\u2010miR\u201039) and endogenous (hsa\u2010miR\u201093) controls.<\/jats:p><jats:p>We have found significantly altered expression of miR\u2010155 and miR\u201021 in serum of JEV infected patients as compared to healthy controls, revealing their role as a a noninvasive biomarker in JE. A significant correlation between miRNAs and JE was observed that offers the basis for miRNAs to serve as a new component to develop possible therapeutic strategies for JE in near future.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T09:26:03Z","timestamp":1635240363000},"page":"531-539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Differential expression of circulating microRNAs in serum: Potential biomarkers to track Japanese encephalitis virus infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Manjari","family":"Baluni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sneha","family":"Ghildiyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanzeem","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashmi","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivbrat","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry ERA's Medical College and Hospital Sarfarazganj Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tapan N.","family":"Dhole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. 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