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CV\u2010A21 strains were isolated from five sporadic pediatric cases with ARI in 2019 in Yamagata, Japan. Neutralizing antibodies (NT Abs) were then measured against CV\u2010A21 using sera collected in 1976, 1985, 1999, 2009, and 2019 in Yamagata, to clarify the longitudinal epidemiology of CV\u2010A21. The total Ab\u2010positive rate in each year was 15.2% (35\/233), 10.7% (30\/281), 14.3% (28\/196), 3.1% (7\/236), and 1.3% (3\/226), respectively. Ab\u2010positive rates generally increased with age, especially between 1976 and 1999. Among the total Ab\u2010positive cases, the Ab titers were relatively low; 50 cases belonged to the 1:8\u20131:16, 40 to 1:32\u20131:64, 12 to 1:128\u20131:256, and 1 to 1:1024&lt; groups, respectively. No Ab\u2010positive cases under the age of 10 were observed in any of the years analyzed. In conclusion, this study and previous works suggested that CV\u2010A21 is a unique enterovirus, which is not transmitted readily among young children but causes sporadic ARI cases mainly among those \u226515 years of age in the community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T09:06:43Z","timestamp":1637658403000},"page":"2877-2881","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Seroprevalence of coxsackievirus A21 neutralizing antibodies in Yamagata, Japan, between 1976 and 2019; coxsackievirus A21 has rarely affected young children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Waka","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health  Yamagata Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0900-8845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenichi","family":"Komabayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health  Yamagata Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health  Yamagata Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Aoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health  Yamagata Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Itagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yamanobe Pediatric Clinic  Yamagata Yamanobe Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katsumi","family":"Mizuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health  Yamagata Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"1499","volume-title":"Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases","author":"Cherry J","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"272","article-title":"The Coe virus: an apparently new virus recovered from patients with mild respiratory disease","volume":"68","author":"Lennette EH","year":"1958","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(59)91779-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400039498"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.15.145"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.52.6.933"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104776"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"232","article-title":"A cluster of coxsackieivrus A21 in Saitama","volume":"82","author":"Murao M","year":"1986","journal-title":"Japan. 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