{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T18:28:04Z","timestamp":1781893684399,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Installing efficient protective immunity by anti\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccines is the only current means to overcome coronavirus disease 2019 pandemics. The cellular and humoral immune responses induced with an messenger RNA (mRNA) (BNT162b2) or with a vector (ChAdOx1nCoV\u201019) vaccine among Bulgarian healthcare workers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009123, aged 23\u201371 years) were studied in the course of 16 weeks after priming. Receptor\u2010binding domain (RBD)\u2010blocking Abs and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 RBD immunoglobulin A\u00a0 (IgA) were evaluated in parallel with interferon gamma (IFN\u03b3)\u2010producing virus\u2010specific T cells. Both vaccines induced RBD\u2010blocking Abs in 100% of the participants after complete immunization while the levels of protection after a single dose largely varied (22%\u201398%). Advanced age had a negative impact on the level and longevity of virus\u2010neutralizing activity induced by one dose mRNA, but not by the vector vaccine. RBD\u2010binding IgA was detected in 100% of tested donors from the mRNA vaccine cohort, and in 67% of tested from the vector vaccine cohort, at least 1 month after completed immunization. One month after completing\u00a0mRNA immunization, the number of IFN\u03b3\u2010producing T cells correlated significantly with the levels of RBD\u2010specific IgA and virus\u2010neutralizing activity induced after priming. Enumeration of circulating virus\u2010specific IFN\u03b3+ T cells is not recommended for evaluation of protective immunity as their detection may require longer stimulation beyond the firstmonth postimmunization.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In conclusion, BNT162B2 and ChAdOx1nCoV\u201019 induced potent and comparable humoral and cellular anti\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 immune responses, peaking between 10 and 30 days after complete immunization. A single dose of any vaccine did not induce adequate protection in a great part of donors, making the shorter interval between mRNA vaccine doses preferable in the settings of increased risk of infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]],"date-time":"2022-01-08T07:03:50Z","timestamp":1641625430000},"page":"2008-2018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Induction of humoral and cellular immune responses to COVID\u201019 mRNA and vector vaccines: A prospective cohort study in Bulgarian healthcare workers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Nikolova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Sofia 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