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However, most studies focused on the short\u2010term mitigating impact and neglected the dynamic impact over time. This study is aimed to investigate the dynamic impact of anti\u2010COVID\u201019 NPIs on hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) over time in Xi'an City, northwestern China. Based on the surveillance data of HFMD, meteorological and web search data, Bayesian Structural Time Series model and interrupted time series analysis were performed to quantitatively measure the impact of NPIs in sequent phases with different intensities\u00a0and to predict the counterfactual number of HFMD cases. From 2013 to 2021, a total number of 172,898 HFMD cases were reported in Xi'an. In 2020, there appeared a significant decrease in HFMD incidence (\u221294.52%, 95% CI: \u221297.54% to \u221281.95%) in the first half of the year and the peak period shifted from June to October by a small margin of 6.74% compared to the previous years of 2013 to 2019. In 2021, the seasonality of HFMD incidence gradually returned to the bimodal temporal variation pattern with a significant average decline of 61.09%. In particular, the impact of NPIs on HFMD was more evident among young children (0\u20133 years), and the HFMD incidence reported in industrial areas had an unexpected increase of 51.71% in 2020 autumn and winter. Results suggested that both direct and indirect NPIs should be implemented as effective public health measures to reduce infectious disease and improve surveillance strategies, and HFMD incidence in Xi'an experienced a significant rebound to the previous seasonality after a prominent decline influenced by the anti\u2010COVID\u201019 NPIs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T00:18:40Z","timestamp":1647044320000},"page":"3121-3132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The impact of anti\u2010COVID\u201019 nonpharmaceutical interventions on hand, foot, and mouth disease\u2014A spatiotemporal perspective in Xi'an, northwestern China"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering Wuhan University  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