{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:57:10Z","timestamp":1792173430650,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015360","name":"State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020SKLID303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020SKLID303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5214023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5214023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M21005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M21005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81970900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    To control the ongoing coronavirus disease\u20102019 (COVID\u201019) pandemic, CoronaVac (Sinovac), an inactivated vaccine, has been granted emergency use authorization by many countries. However, the underlying mechanisms of the inactivated COVID\u201019 vaccine\u2010induced immune response remain unclear, and little is known about its features compared to (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2)\u00a0SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection. Here, we implemented single\u2010cell RNA sequencing (scRNA\u2010seq) to profile longitudinally collected PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) in six individuals immunized with CoronaVac and compared these to the profiles of COVID\u201019 infected patients from a Single Cell Consortium. Both inactivated vaccines and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection altered the proportion of different immune cell types, caused B cell activation and differentiation, and induced the expression of genes associated with antibody production in the plasma. The inactivated vaccine and SARS\u2010COV\u20102 infection also caused alterations in peripheral immune activity such as interferon response, inflammatory cytokine expression, innate immune cell apoptosis and migration, effector T cell exhaustion and cytotoxicity, however, the magnitude of change was greater in COVID\u201019 patients, especially those with severe disease, than in immunized individuals. Further analyses revealed a distinct peripheral immune cell phenotype associated with CoronaVac immunization (HLA class II upregulation and\n                    <jats:italic>IL21R<\/jats:italic>\n                    upregulation in na\u00efve B cells) versus SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection (HLA class II downregulation and\n                    <jats:italic>IL21R<\/jats:italic>\n                    downregulation in na\u00efve B cells from severe disease individuals). There were also differences in the expression of important genes associated with proinflammatory cytokines and thrombosis. In conclusion, this study provides a single\u2010cell atlas of the systemic immune response to CoronaVac immunization and revealed distinct immune responses between inactivated vaccines and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T01:00:41Z","timestamp":1658365241000},"page":"5304-5324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Single\u2010cell transcriptomic atlas reveals distinct immunological responses between COVID\u201019 vaccine and natural SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2031-087X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Center, Capital Institute of Pediatrics  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central &amp; Clinical Laboratory of Sanya People's Hospital  Sanya Hainan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence Don Wai","family":"Luu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of Technology Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jieqiong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Disease, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health Capital Medical University  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodai","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Center, Capital Institute of Pediatrics  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Immunology Capital Institute of Pediatrics  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaojin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central &amp; Clinical Laboratory of Sanya People's Hospital  Sanya Hainan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Center, Capital Institute of Pediatrics  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Licheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central &amp; Clinical Laboratory of Sanya People's Hospital  Sanya Hainan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chongzhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central &amp; Clinical Laboratory of Sanya People's Hospital  Sanya Hainan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central &amp; Clinical Laboratory of Sanya People's Hospital  Sanya Hainan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingguo","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central &amp; Clinical Laboratory of Sanya People's Hospital  Sanya Hainan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Center, Capital Institute of Pediatrics  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junfei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Disease of Experimental Center, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention  Guiyang P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention  Beijing P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Disease of Experimental Center, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention  Guiyang P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central &amp; Clinical Laboratory of Sanya People's Hospital  Sanya Hainan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"371","article-title":"Virology, transmission, and pathogenesis of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102","volume":"371","author":"Cevik M","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007621"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00352-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30250-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2798-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00020-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc1932"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"812","article-title":"Safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccine (CoronaVac) in healthy children and adolescents: a randomised, Double\u2010Blind, and Placebo\u2010Controlled, phase 1\/2 clinical","volume":"14","author":"Han B","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trial"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30843-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30987-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15190\/d.2021.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MuenaNA Garcia\u2010SalumT Pardo\u2010RoaC et al.Long\u2010lasting neutralizing antibody responses in SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 seropositive individuals are robustly boosted by immunization with the CoronaVac and BNT162b2 vaccines.medRxiv.2021.doi:10.1101\/2021.05.17.21257197","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.17.21257197"},{"issue":"03","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"COVID\u201019 vaccine","volume":"10","author":"Shervani Z","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27098"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.01.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.848961"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.12.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.9.5154"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2294"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3154"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MathewD GilesJR BaxterAE et al.Deep immune profiling of COVID\u201019 patients reveals distinct immunotypes with therapeutic implications.Science.2020;369(6508).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.369.6508.1203-l"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020201"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2016.68"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0762-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JouanY GuillonA GonzalezL et al.Phenotypical and functional alteration of unconventional T cells in severe COVID\u201019 patients.J Exp Med.2020;217(12).","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200872"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0944-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e3283406323"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa041"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lymphopenia predicts disease severity of COVID\u201019: a descriptive and predictive study","volume":"5","author":"Tan L","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01429-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0401-3"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.28012","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jmv.28012","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.28012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T01:26:52Z","timestamp":1692754012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmv.28012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmv.28012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.28012","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.08.30.21262863","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0146-6615","1096-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-6615","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-06-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-15","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}