{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:25:34Z","timestamp":1769819134174,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]],"date-time":"2022-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U20A20392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A20392"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82102361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82102361"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immune responses elicited by viral infection or vaccination play key roles in the viral elimination and the prevention of reinfection, as well as the protection of healthy persons. As one of the most widely used Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) vaccines, there have been increasing concerns about the necessity of additional doses of inactivated vaccines, due to the waning immune response several months after vaccination. To further optimize inactivated SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccines, we compared immune responses to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 elicited by natural infection and immunization with inactivated vaccines in the early phase. We observed the lower antibody levels against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins in the early phase of postvaccination with a slow increase, compared to the acute phase of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 natural infection. Specifically, IgA antibodies have the most significant differences. Moreover, we further analyzed cytokine expression between these two groups. A wide variety of cytokines presented high expression in the infected individuals, while a few cytokines were elicited by inactivated vaccines. The differences in antibody responses and cytokine levels between natural SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection and vaccination with the inactivated vaccines may provide implications for the optimization of inactivated SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccines and the additional application of serological tests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T02:09:22Z","timestamp":1659146962000},"page":"5691-5701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Distinct immune responses in the early phase to natural SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection or vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Pai","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haijun","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health management center The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong\u2010Chuan Hospital Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianjiang","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University\u2010Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beizhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong\u2010Chuan Hospital Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1857-2798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quanxin","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0137-1247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ni","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ai\u2010long","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg3055"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03402-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-03552-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"815","article-title":"Genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 lineage in Manaus: preliminary findings","volume":"372","author":"Faria NR","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virological"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.12.357"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00678-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2021.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.3199"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00341-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-021-00514-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZhangH HuY JiangZ et al.Single\u2010sell sequencing and immune function assays of peripheral blood samples demonstrate positive responses of an inactivated SARS\u2010CoV\u20102.Vaccine.2021;.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3774153"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.876037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2162"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01949"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2020.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-021-00311-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30831-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0897-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00396-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChenY TongP WhitemanNB et al.Differential antibody dynamics to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection and vaccination.Sci Immunol.2022:eabp8328.doi:10.1101\/2021.09.09.459504","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.09.09.459504"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Immunology","author":"Delves PJ","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd2223"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.744887"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2015.560"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00177-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control","author":"Sanders B","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.761632"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","first-page":"319","article-title":"Immunogenicity of concentrated and purified inactivated avian influenza vaccine formulation","volume":"73","author":"Nazari Shirvan A","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Razi Inst"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.832394"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S276091"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12509"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.830715"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1770129"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00598-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.03.084"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12252-y"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.28034","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jmv.28034","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.28034","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T12:29:12Z","timestamp":1692620952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmv.28034"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmv.28034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.28034","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-6615","1096-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-6615","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-05-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}