{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T11:13:03Z","timestamp":1784718783143,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The humoral immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) vaccination in patients with chronic inflammatory disease (CID) declines more rapidly with tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1) inhibition. Furthermore, the efficacy of current vaccines against Omicron variants of concern (VOC) including BA.2 is limited. Alterations within immune cell populations, changes in IgG affinity, and the ability to neutralize a pre\u2010VOC strain and the BA.2 virus were investigated in these at\u2010risk patients. Serum levels of anti\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 IgG, IgG avidity, and neutralizing antibodies (NA) were determined in anti\u2010TNF\u2010\u03b1 patients (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200910) and controls (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200924 healthy individuals;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200912 patients under other disease\u2010modifying antirheumatic drugs, oDMARD) before and after the second and third vaccination by ELISA, immunoblot and live virus neutralization assay. SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010specific B\u2010 and T cell subsets were analysed by multicolor flow cytometry. Six months after the second vaccination, anti\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 IgG levels, IgG avidity and anti\u2010pre\u2010VOC NA titres were significantly reduced in anti\u2010TNF\u2010\u03b1 recipients compared to controls (healthy individuals: avidity:\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.0001; NA:\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0347; oDMARDs: avidity:\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0012; NA:\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0293). The number of plasma cells was increased in anti\u2010TNF\u2010\u03b1 patients (Healthy individuals:\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0344; oDMARDs:\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0254), while the absolute number of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010specific plasma cells 7 days after 2nd vaccination were comparable. Even after a third vaccination, these patients had lower anti\u2010BA.2 NA titres compared to both other groups. We show a reduced SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 neutralizing capacity in patients under TNF\u2010\u03b1 blockade. In this cohort, the plasma cell response appears to be less specific and shows stronger bystander activation. While these effects were observable after the first two vaccinations and with older VOC, the differences in responses to BA.2 were enhanced.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T23:19:01Z","timestamp":1660087141000},"page":"5780-5789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The long term vaccine\u2010induced anti\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 immune response is impaired in quantity and quality under TNF\u03b1 blockade"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6583-460X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulf Martin","family":"Geisen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department I, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University Medical Center Schleswig\u2010Holstein Campus Kiel Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian\u2010Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig\u2010Holstein Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Labor Dr. Krause und Kollegen MVZ GmbH Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Ciripoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department I, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University Medical Center Schleswig\u2010Holstein Campus Kiel Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Vullriede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department I, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University Medical Center Schleswig\u2010Holstein Campus Kiel Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2101-6450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayley M.","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department I, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University Medical Center Schleswig\u2010Holstein Campus Kiel Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis Kristopher","family":"Berner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department I, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University Medical Center Schleswig\u2010Holstein Campus Kiel Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Bertoglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology, and Bioinformatics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Hoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Endokrinologikum\u2010Gruppe Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology, and Bioinformatics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann Carolin","family":"Longardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University Medical Center Schleswig\u2010Holstein Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lorentz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Labor Dr. Krause und Kollegen MVZ GmbH Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Rios","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology University Medical Center Schleswig\u2010Holstein Kiel Germany"},{"name":"Department for Dermatology University Medical Center Schleswig\u2010Holstein Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Saggau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology University Medical Center Schleswig\u2010Holstein Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Henrik","family":"Schirmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department I, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University Medical Center Schleswig\u2010Holstein Campus Kiel Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maren","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology, and Bioinformatics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melike","family":"S\u00fcmb\u00fcl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Dermatology University Medical Center Schleswig\u2010Holstein Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology Christian\u2010Albrecht University of Kiel Kiel Germany"},{"name":"Department for Internal Medicine I University Medical Center Schleswig\u2010Holstein Kiel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Vo\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian\u2010Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig\u2010Holstein Kiel 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Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00222-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220272"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2021-002008"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"1327","article-title":"Reduced antibody activity against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 B.1.617.2 delta virus in serum of mRNA\u2010vaccinated individuals receiving tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 inhibitors","volume":"2","author":"Chen RE","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med (N 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StruckF StaschikE et al.Differential avidity determination of IgG directed towards the receptor\u2010binding domain (RBD) of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 wild\u2010type and its variants in one assay: rational tool for the assessment of protective immunity.J Med Virol.2022.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00721"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2016.08.002"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical 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