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Orthopoxviruses are among the most intricate animal viruses. The pathogenicity of human monkeypox infection has been emphasized in response to its recent emergence in non\u2010endemic countries and the threat of bioterrorism. It is always necessary to take appropriate precautions in exposure to emerging or re\u2010emerging infections. Here, we focus on the current state of the human monkeypox infection outbreak, research &amp; development of immune responses, and clinical interventions to prevent and treat the human monkeypox virus and other human poxviruses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]],"date-time":"2022-10-22T04:51:47Z","timestamp":1666414307000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Human monkeypox (hMPXV) re\u2010emergence: Host immunity status and current vaccines landscape"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Shafaati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Jahrom Branch Islamic Azad University  Jahrom Iran"},{"name":"Occupational Sleep Research, Baharloo Hospital Tehran University of Medical Science  Tehran 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