{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T15:33:16Z","timestamp":1781796796498,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Accumulating evidence suggests that severe\u00a0acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) impairs the adaptive immune system during acute infection. Still, it remains largely unclear whether the frequency and functions of T and B cells return to normal after the recovery of Coronavirus\u00a0Disease 2019 (COVID\u201019).\u00a0Here, we analyzed immune repertoires and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010specific neutralization antibodies in a prospective cohort of 40 COVID\u201019 survivors with a 6\u2010month follow\u2010up after hospital discharge. Immune repertoire sequencing revealed abnormal T\u2010 and B\u2010cell expression and function with large T cell receptor\/B cell receptor\u00a0clones, decreased diversity, abnormal class\u2010switch recombination, and somatic hypermutation. A decreased number of B cells but an increased proportion of CD19\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD138\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    B cells were found in COVID\u201019 survivors. The proportion of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, especially circulating follicular helper T (cTfh) cells, was increased, whereas the frequency of CD3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD4\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells was decreased. SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010specific neutralization IgG and IgM antibodies were identified in all survivors, especially those recorded with severe COVID\u201019 who showed a higher inhibition rate of neutralization antibodies. All severe cases complained of more than one COVID\u201019 sequelae after 6 months of recovery. Overall, our findings indicate that SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010specific antibodies remain detectable even after 6 months of recovery. Because of their abnormal adaptive immune system with a low number of CD3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD4\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells and high susceptibility to infections, COVID\u201019 patients might need more time and medical care to fully recover from immune abnormalities and tissue damage.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T08:27:37Z","timestamp":1669278457000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Immune repertoire sequencing reveals an abnormal adaptive immune system in COVID\u201019 survivors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4073-5450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiguo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Hospital of Changsha Changsha Hunan Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing ARP Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Nanjing Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology Xiangya School of Public Health Central South University Changsha China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingming","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Hospital of Changsha Changsha Hunan Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Hospital of Changsha Changsha Hunan Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Hospital of Changsha Changsha Hunan Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianglong","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Hospital of Changsha Changsha Hunan Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Hospital of Changsha Changsha Hunan Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology Xiangya School of Public Health Central South University Changsha China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology Xiangya School of Public Health Central South University Changsha China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune\u2010Mediated Skin Diseases Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Nanjing China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"De Clercq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou Hunan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8852-034X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangdi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology Xiangya School of Public Health Central South University Changsha China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Hospital of Changsha Changsha Hunan Province 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