{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:45:39Z","timestamp":1780393539310,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The recently emerged novel coronavirus, \u201csevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus\u20102 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102),\u201d\u00a0caused a highly contagious disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019). It has severely damaged the world's most developed countries and has turned into a major threat for low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries. Since its emergence in late 2019, medical interventions have been substantial, and most countries relied on public health measures collectively known as nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). We aimed to centralize the accumulative knowledge of NPIs against COVID\u201019 for each country under one worldwide consortium. International COVID\u201019 Research Network collaborators developed a cross\u2010sectional online survey to assess the implications of NPIs and sanitary supply on\u00a0the incidence and mortality of COVID\u201019.\u00a0The survey was conducted between January 1 and February 1, 2021, and participants from 92 countries\/territories completed it. The association between NPIs, sanitation supplies, and incidence and mortality were examined by multivariate regression, with the log\u2010transformed value of population as an offset value. The majority of countries\/territories applied several preventive strategies, including social distancing (100.0%), quarantine (100.0%), isolation (98.9%), and school closure (97.8%). Individual\u2010level preventive measures such as personal hygiene (100.0%) and wearing facial masks (94.6% at hospitals; 93.5% at mass transportation; 91.3% in mass gathering facilities) were also frequently applied. Quarantine at a designated place was negatively associated with incidence and mortality compared to home quarantine. Isolation at a designated place was also associated with reduced mortality compared to home isolation. Recommendations to use sanitizer for personal hygiene reduced incidence compared to the recommendation to use soap. Deprivation of masks was associated with increased incidence. Higher incidence and mortality were found in countries\/territories with higher economic levels. Mask deprivation was pervasive regardless of economic level. NPIs against COVID\u201019 such as using sanitizer, quarantine, and isolation can decrease the incidence and mortality of COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T06:33:14Z","timestamp":1669789994000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Nonpharmaceutical interventions reduce the incidence\u00a0and mortality of COVID\u201019: A study based on the survey from the International COVID\u201019 Research Network (ICRN)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5040-6840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9781-4822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung Hwi","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwanghyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Yonsei University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine  Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1628-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Keon","family":"Yon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun Jae","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Yonsei University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5871-0310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziad","family":"Abdeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine Al\u2010Quds University  East Jerusalem Palestine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramy Abou","family":"Ghayda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland  Ohio United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Lemine Cheikh Brahim","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nouakchott Al Aasriya &amp; The Mauritanian Association for Scientific Research Development (AMDRS), Nouakchott  Mauritania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulwahed Al","family":"Serouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemen Field Epidemiology Training Program  Yemen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waleed","family":"Al\u2010Herz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University  Jabriya Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3819-0500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humaid O.","family":"Al\u2010Shamsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City  Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheeza","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, The Maldives National University  Male Maldives"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kosar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sulaimani College of Medicine  Sulaymaniyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oidov","family":"Baatarkhuu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences  Ulaanbaatar Mongolia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henning Bay","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Zealand University Hospital Roskilde  Roskilde Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Bernini\u2010Carri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Centre for Disaster Medicine, Council of Europe (CEMEC)  Strasbourg France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasiia","family":"Bondarenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Immunology, Infectious and Rare Diseases International European University  Kyiv Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayun","family":"Cassell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John F. Kennedy Medical Center, Edison  New Jersey United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akway","family":"Cham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Juba  Juba South Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1648-1473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melvin L. K.","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck and Thoracic Cancers, Division of Radiation Oncology National Cancer Centre Singapore  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Oncology Academic Programme, Duke\u2010NUS Medical School  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Division of Medical Sciences National Cancer Centre Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sufia","family":"Dadabhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tchin","family":"Darre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of Lom\u00e9  Lome Togo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayk","family":"Davtyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Research and Prevention Center  Yerevan Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Dragioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Link\u00f6ping University  Link\u00f6ping Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbora","family":"East","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Surgery 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University, Motol University Hospital  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4392-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert Jeffrey","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago  Port of Spain Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6429-6598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Ferioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1652-4648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsvetoslav","family":"Georgiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine Medical University\u2014Varna  Varna Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian A.","family":"Ghandour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American University of Beirut  Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harapan","family":"Harapan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Universitas Syiah Kuala  Banda Aceh Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po\u2010Ren","family":"Hsueh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine China Medical University Hospital  China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad I.","family":"Mallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland \u2010 Bahrain  Al Sayh Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aamer","family":"Ikram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health, Islamabad  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Tokyo Medical University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Dr. Antoni Pujadas  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Versailles Saint\u2010Quentin\u2010en\u2010Yvelines, Montigny\u2010le\u2010Bretonneux  France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slobodan M.","family":"Jankovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac  Kragujevac Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umesh","family":"Jayarajah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo  Colombo Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milos","family":"Jesenak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin University Teaching Hospital in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava  Bratislava Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pramath","family":"Kakodkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Ireland  Galway Republic of Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Kapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute  Lusaka Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohannes","family":"Kebede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Behavior and Society Jimma University  Jimma Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7830-6857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousef","family":"Khader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Jordan University of Science and Technology  Irbid Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meron","family":"Kifle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield University of Oxford  Oxford United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore, Singapore  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vi\u0161nja Koki\u0107","family":"Male\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital Centre Split, University Department of Health Studies University of Split  Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kotfis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin  Szczecin Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai","family":"Koyanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, ICREA, CIBERSAM, ISCIII  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James\u2010Paul","family":"Kretchy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Unit, School of Medicine and Health Sciences Central University  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sulaiman","family":"Lakoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences University of Sierra Leone  Freetown Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju\u2010si  Gangwon\u2010do Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju\u2010si  Gangwon\u2010do Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria da Luz Lima","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Institute of Cape Verde, Praia, Santiago Island  Cape Verde"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6639-7344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lowell","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR  China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Llibre\u2010Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Neurology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Machida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Tokyo Medical University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Makurumidze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Medicine, Global and Public Health Unit University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences  Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziad A.","family":"Memish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Director Research and Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health &amp; College of Medicine Alfaisal University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Cardiology Central University of Venezuela, Caracas  Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Moiseev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Nadasdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Parascheva Infectious Disease Hospital  Iasi Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Nahshon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecologic Surgery &amp; Oncology Carmel Medical Center  Haifa Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvio A.","family":"\u00d1amendys\u2010Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blaise Nguendo","family":"Yongsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFORD\u2010University of Yaound\u00e9 II  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amalea Dulcene","family":"Nicolasora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Laboratory Research Institute for Tropical Medicine  Muntinlupa City Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhamilya","family":"Nugmanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University  Almaty Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles  California United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4143-5580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atte","family":"Oksanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences  Tampere University Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwatomi","family":"Owopetu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine University College Hospital  Ibadan Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0231-9766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeynep Ozge","family":"Ozguler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Directorate of Public Health Ministry of Health of Turkey  Adnan Saygun St, \u00c7ankaya Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Parperis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Cyprus Medical School  Nicosia Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo Emanuel","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division Cl\u00ednica Olivos  Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3818-9761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krit","family":"Pongpirul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Global Health and Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3393-6748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marius","family":"Rademaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trials New Zealand, Waikato Hospital Campus  Hamilton New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nemanja","family":"Radojevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Centre of Montenegro  Podgorica Montenegro"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Roca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara  Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9773-2192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso J.","family":"Rodriguez\u2010Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Biomedicina Faculty of Medicine, Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Aut\u00f3noma de las Americas \u2010 Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Visi\u00f3n de las Am\u00e9ricas  Pereira Colombia"},{"name":"Master of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Cientifica del Sur  Lima Peru"},{"name":"Gilbert and Rose\u2010Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University  Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enver","family":"Roshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine University of Medicine of Tirana  Albania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khwaja Mir Islam","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Afghanistan National Public Health Institute (ANPHI)  Kabul Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2695-8714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranjit","family":"Sah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Sakakushev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIMU\/Research Institute of Medical University  Plovdiv Bulgaria"},{"name":"Chair of Propedeutics of Surgical Diseases"},{"name":"University Hospital St. George, Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4684-229X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina E.","family":"Sallam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics and Pediatric Nephrology Department Faculty of Medicine  Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brijesh","family":"Sathian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatrics and Long Term Care Department Rumailah Hospital  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Schober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Shaik Syed","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, The Maldives National University  Male Maldives"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoran","family":"Simonovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health  Maribor Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanu","family":"Singhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Research Institute  Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natia","family":"Skhvitaridze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, The University of Georgia  Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Solmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Ottawa  Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health  Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) Clinical Epidemiology Program University of Ottawa, Ottawa  Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kannan","family":"Subbaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, The Maldives National University  Male Maldives"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalthoum","family":"Tizaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microorganisms and Actives Biomolecules, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis University Tunis El Manar  Tunis Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Thato","family":"Tlhakanelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health University of Botswana, Faculty of Medicine  Gaborone Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Torales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Asunci\u00f3n, School of Medical Sciences  San Lorenzo Paraguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junior Smith","family":"Torres\u2010Roman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Cientifica del Sur  Lima Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Tsartsalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine Hippokration Hospital  Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jadamba","family":"Tsolmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS)  Ulaanbaatar Mongolia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duarte Nuno","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro G. Viveiros","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial, Rio de Janeiro  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Wanghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, University of Kinshasa Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Physiology Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Wollina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergology St\u00e4dtisches Klinikum Dresden \u2013 Academic Teaching Hospital  Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u2010He","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences University of Macau  Macau China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services School of Medicine, University of Calgary  Calgary Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kashif","family":"Zia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow  Glasgow United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muharem","family":"Zildzic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Medical Science of Bosnia and Herzegovina  Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae","family":"Il Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Performance and Wellbeing  Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2119451"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30090-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30133-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"Impact of lockdown on COVID\u201019 incidence and mortality in China: an interrupted time series study","volume":"25","author":"Figueiredo A","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2405-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2743"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42833-020-00015-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"KaiD GoldsteinG\u2010P MorgunovA NangaliaV RotkirchA. Universal masking is urgent in the COVID\u201019 pandemic: SEIR and agent based models empirical validation policy recommendations.arXiv. Preprint. 2020. 200413553."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30085-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020731416637160"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czx183"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2293-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e321"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"4","volume-title":"Coronavirus pandemic (COVID\u201019)","author":"Roser M","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"Population. Worldometer. 2022. Accessed February 26 2022.https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/population\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","unstructured":"World Bank list of economies (June 2020). World Bank. 2020.\u00a0Accessed February 26 2022.\u00a0https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/data\/download\/site-content\/CLASS.xls"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"Countries. Global Health Data Exchange.\u00a02022. Accessed February 26 2022.\u00a0http:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/countries"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54724\/lc.2022.e9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54724\/lc.2022.e9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","article-title":"Active quarantine measures are the primary means to reduce the fatality rate of COVID\u201019","author":"Wang Z","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","article-title":"Impact of lockdown on COVID\u201019 incidence and mortality in China: an interrupted time series study","author":"Figueiredo AM","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003244"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","unstructured":"Flu pandemic mitigation: quarantine and isolation. GlobalSecurity.org. Accessed April\u00a09 2022.\u00a0www.globalsecurity.org\/security\/ops\/hsc-scen-3_flu-pandemic-quarantine.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247962"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/systems8020018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2020.06.0275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25921"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis237"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Comprehensive review of mask utility and challenges during the COVID\u201019 pandemic","volume":"28","author":"Tirupathi R","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infez Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","volume-title":"Modes of Transmission of Virus Causing COVID\u201019: Implications for IPC Precaution Recommendations","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-020-02218-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","first-page":"635","volume-title":"The Coronavirus Pandemic and Aerosols: Does COVID\u201019 Transmit via Expiratory Particles?","author":"Asadi S","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082932"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","unstructured":"Q&A for consumers|hand sanitizers and COVID\u201019.\u00a0(CDC) CfDCaP. Accessed August 13 2022.\u00a0https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/information-drug-class\/qa-consumers-hand-sanitizers-and-covid-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093326"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/viw2.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000089211"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.12.6511-6518.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2014564118"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","volume-title":"Ethical and Legal Considerations in Mitigating Pandemic Disease: Workshop Summary","author":"Mack A","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd5393"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20499361211032039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-00215-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.16.179309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2021.1874470"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.28354","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jmv.28354","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.28354","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T12:30:05Z","timestamp":1722601805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmv.28354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmv.28354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.28354","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-6615","1096-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-6615","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-05-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e28354"}}