{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:51:35Z","timestamp":1790833895665,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Emerging evidence suggests the oral and upper respiratory microbiota may play important roles in modulating host immune responses to viral infection. As the host microbiome may be involved in the pathophysiology of coronavirus\u00a0disease 2019 (COVID\u201019), we investigated associations between the oral and nasopharyngeal microbiome and COVID\u201019 severity.\u00a0We collected saliva (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200978) and nasopharyngeal swab (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200966) samples from a COVID\u201019 cohort and characterized the microbiomes using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. We also examined associations between the salivary and nasopharyngeal microbiome and age, COVID\u201019 symptoms, and blood cytokines.\u00a0Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) infection status, but not COVID\u201019 severity, was associated with community\u2010level differences in the oral and nasopharyngeal microbiomes. Salivary and nasopharyngeal microbiome alpha diversity negatively correlated with age and were associated with fever and diarrhea. Oral\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Solobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    were depleted in patients with severe COVID\u201019. Nasopharyngeal\n                    <jats:italic>Paracoccus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was depleted while nasopharyngeal\n                    <jats:italic>Proteus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Cupravidus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    were increased in patients with severe COVID\u201019. Further analysis revealed that the abundance of oral\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    was negatively associated with plasma concentrations of known COVID\u201019 biomarkers interleukin 17F\u00a0and monocyte chemoattractant protein\u20101.\u00a0Our results suggest COVID\u201019 disease severity is associated with the relative abundance of certain bacterial taxa.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T06:39:58Z","timestamp":1672382398000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The salivary and nasopharyngeal microbiomes are associated with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection and disease severity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Josh G.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of 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