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We constructed a \u2206HBcAg\u2010based VLP vaccine expressing three predicted severe acute respiratory syndrome\u00a0coronavirus 2\u00a0(SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) B and T cell epitopes and determined its immunogenicity and protective efficacy. The recombinant \u2206HBcAg\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 protein was expressed in <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, purified, and shown to form VLPs. K18\u2010hACE2 transgenic C57BL\/6 mice were immunized intramuscularly with \u2206HBcAg VLP control (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915) or \u2206HBcAg\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 VLP vaccine (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915). One week after the 2nd booster and before virus challenge, five \u2206HBcAg\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccinated mice were euthanized to evaluate epitope\u2010specific immune responses. There is a statistically significant increase in epitope\u2010specific Immunoglobulin G\u00a0(IgG) response, and statistically higher interleukin 6 (IL\u20106) and monocyte chemoattractant protein\u20101\u00a0(MCP\u20101)\u00a0expression levels in \u2206HBcAg\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 VLP\u2010vaccinated mice compared to \u2206HBcAg VLP controls. While not statistically significant, the \u2206HBcAg\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 VLP mice had numerically more memory CD8+\u00a0T\u2010cells, and 3\/5 mice also had numerically higher levels of interferon gamma (IFN\u2010\u03b3)\u00a0and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). After challenge with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, \u2206HBcAg\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 immunized mice had numerically lower viral RNA loads in the lung, and slightly higher survival, but the differences are not statistically significant. These results indicate that the \u2206HBcAg\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 VLP vaccine elicits epitope\u2010specific humoral and cell\u2010mediated immune responses but they were insufficient against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T12:26:49Z","timestamp":1674131209000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A hepatitis B virus core antigen\u2010based virus\u2010like particle vaccine expressing SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 B and T cell epitopes induces epitope\u2010specific humoral and cell\u2010mediated immune responses but confers limited protection against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Hassebroek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod\u2010borne Pathogens Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harini","family":"Sooryanarain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod\u2010borne Pathogens Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connie L.","family":"Heffron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod\u2010borne Pathogens Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth A.","family":"Hawks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod\u2010borne Pathogens Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1196-6949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanya","family":"LeRoith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod\u2010borne Pathogens Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas E.","family":"Cecere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod\u2010borne Pathogens Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William B.","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod\u2010borne Pathogens Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological System Engineering, Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod\u2010borne Pathogens Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan M.","family":"Mahsoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod\u2010borne Pathogens Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8560-9071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod\u2010borne Pathogens Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod\u2010borne Pathogens Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah M.","family":"Ivester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod\u2010borne Pathogens Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irving C.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod\u2010borne Pathogens Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert J.","family":"Auguste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod\u2010borne Pathogens Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisha K.","family":"Duggal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod\u2010borne Pathogens 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