{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T06:03:12Z","timestamp":1772258592677,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Recently, in 2022, new cases of human monkeypox virus (hMPXV) occurred in Europe and North America. The first case was reported in Europe in May 2022, and subsequently, more than 50\u2009000 new cases were confirmed in 100 countries. Currently, the classification of hMPXV according to the nextstrain occurs in five big clades (1A, A.1, A.2, A.1.1, and B.1).\u00a0According to the resurgence of smallpox\u2010like disease caused by hMPXV and the spread of the virus to the European and American continents, in the present study, we review and summarize the molecular evolution of the hMPXV, determining the molecular evolution of the main clades.\u00a0A total of 442 hMPXV whole\u2010genome sequences\u00a0with available information from the country and sampling date (between October 2017 and 2022), were obtained and evaluated using the Bayesian method.\u00a0The clade B.1 which is currently circulating was the most frequent (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009415; 93.9%). The other clades presented the following frequencies: 1A (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200913; 2.9%), A.1 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910; 2.3%), A.2 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093; 0.7%) and A.1.1 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091; 0.2%) The overall nucleotide divergence of hMPXV was 5.590e\u20105. The 1A clade was detected between 2017 and 2020. A.1 was observed, and between 2019 and 2022 some A.2 sequences were detected. In 2022, the great predominance of B.1 was observed. The common ancestor of the hMPXV belongs to the clade 1A and the time to the Most Recent Common Ancestor (tMRCA) was 2017\u201004\u201004 (Highest Posterior Density 95% (HPD95%): 2017\u201003\u201009; 2017\u201008\u201004) on the West African continent. The tMRCA of A.1 was 2018\u201005\u201021 (HPD95%: 2018\u201005\u201020; 2018\u201007\u201004) with divergence of 6.885e\u20105 substitutions per site per year. This clade was of West African origin but was eventually detected in European countries. Also, A.2 was detected with sequences of North America and showed tMRCA of 2019\u201007\u201015 (HPD95%: 2018\u201011\u201018; 2020\u201002\u201024). A.1.1 showed tMRCA from 2021 to 06\u201005 (HPD95%: 2021\u201006\u201005; 2021\u201011\u201026) and this clade was detected in North America and was the precursor for the globally spreading B.1 which tMRCA was 2022\u201004\u201026 (HPD95%: 2022\u201002\u201027; 2022\u201004\u201026). hMPXV has been spread from West Africa to the United Kingdom, Israel, Singapore, the USA, Canada, Portugal, Spain, Ireland, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Slovenia, Austria, the Republic Czech, Sweden, and Finland. hMPXV also reached countries such as Brazil, Mexico, Australia, and Taiwan.\u00a0The common ancestor of the hMPXV belongs to the clade 1A with origin in the West African continent. Clade B.1 was responsible for the recent widespread worldwide. Immunization to prevent the spread of hMPXV is not yet available to the public, future studies should focus on the development of effective vaccines to contain the spread of this virus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T07:45:30Z","timestamp":1674891930000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Molecular evolution of the human monkeypox virus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7577-464X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas Michel","family":"Wolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Practice Management and Health Value Office Medical Manager at Hospital Moinhos de Vento  Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6568-1351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas Michel","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFRGS, (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul)  Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3442-7665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela Pereira","family":"Fagundes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PUCRS (Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio Grande do Sul)  Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dalila Mabel Schmidt","family":"Tomm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ULBRA (Universidade Luterana do Brasil)  Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5447-5261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Petek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Practice Management and Health Value Office Medical Manager at Hospital Moinhos de Vento  Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Brenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Practice Management and Health Value Office Medical Manager at Hospital Moinhos de Vento  Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2409-3486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju\u00e7ara Gasparetto","family":"Maccari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Practice Management and Health Value Office Medical Manager at Hospital Moinhos de Vento  Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7069-5827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Antonio","family":"Nasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Practice Management and Health Value Office Medical Manager at Hospital Moinhos de Vento  Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v9100283"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"599","article-title":"Isolation and properties of the causal agent of a new variola\u2010like disease (monkeypox) in man","volume":"46","author":"Marennikova SS","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-01493-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o1274"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2502.181222"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214229"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2019.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 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