{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:58:57Z","timestamp":1790297937578,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Monkeypox virus (MPXV) has spread globally. Emerging studies have now provided evidence regarding\u00a0MPXV transmission, that can inform rational evidence\u2010based policies and reduce misinformation on this topic. We aimed to review the evidence on transmission of the virus. Real\u2010world studies have isolated viable viruses from high\u2010touch surfaces for as long as 15 days. Strong evidence suggests that the current circulating monkeypox\u00a0(mpox) has evolved from previous outbreaks outside of Africa, but it is yet unknown whether these mutations may lead to an inherently increased infectivity of the virus. Strong evidence also suggests that the main route of current\u00a0MPXV transmission is sexual; through either close contact or directly, with detection of culturable virus in saliva, nasopharynx, and sperm for prolonged periods and the presence of rashes mainly in genital areas. The milder clinical presentations and the potential presence of presymptomatic transmission in the current circulating variant compared to previous clades, as well as the dominance of spread amongst men who have sex with men (MSMs) suggests that mpox has a developed distinct clinical phenotype that has increased its transmissibility. Increased public awareness of MPXV transmission modalities may lead to earlier detection of the spillover of new cases into other groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T02:44:36Z","timestamp":1674873876000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Transmission of monkeypox\/mpox\u00a0virus: A narrative review of environmental, viral, host, and population factors in relation to the 2022 international outbreak"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1268-2243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Sciences University of Leicester  Leicester UK"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust  Leicester UK"},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Big Data Institute University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre  Liecester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Nazareth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Sciences University of Leicester  Leicester UK"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust  Leicester UK"},{"name":"NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre  Liecester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirley","family":"Sze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Leicester  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Sciences University of Leicester  Leicester UK"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust  Leicester UK"},{"name":"NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre  Liecester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Decker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Sciences University of Leicester  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eve","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Sciences University of Leicester  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"D\u00e9irdre Hollingsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Big Data Institute University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Barer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Sciences University of Leicester  Leicester UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Pareek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Sciences University of Leicester  Leicester UK"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust  Leicester UK"},{"name":"NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre  Liecester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian W.","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Sciences University of Leicester  Leicester UK"},{"name":"Department of Virology University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac310"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Fields Virology","author":"Knipe D","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1099"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00328.x"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Monkeypox","volume":"6736","author":"Mitj\u00e0 O","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"Human monkeypox, 1970\u201079","volume":"58","author":"Breman JG","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"1168","article-title":"Human monkeypox \u2010 Kasai Oriental, Democratic Republic of Congo, February 1996\u2010October 1997","volume":"46","author":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1997","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011720"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation.Technical advisory group on human monkeypox:Report of a WHO Meeting;1999."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"569","article-title":"Human monkeypox","volume":"46","author":"Foster SO","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01435-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005769107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-010-0355-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.2.293"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0150"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00856-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111257"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010141"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"537","article-title":"Multistate outbreak of monkeypox \u2010 Illinois, Indiana and Wisonsin, 2003","volume":"52","author":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"561","article-title":"Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox \u2010 Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio and Wisconsin, 2003","volume":"52","author":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Monkeypox: past US cases and outbreaks.2022.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/monkeypox\/outbreak\/us-outbreaks.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/498115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2505.190076"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","first-page":"1826","article-title":"Imported monkeypox","volume":"26","author":"Ee S","year":"2020","journal-title":"Singapore"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032299"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2022.152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00228-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","unstructured":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC and Texas confirm monkeypox in US travelers. July 16 2021.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2021\/s0716-confirm-monkeypox.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Emergency preparedness and response: potential exposure to person with confirmed human monkeypox infection \u2010 United States.2021.https:\/\/emergency.cdc.gov\/han\/2021\/han00446.asp"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.38.1800509"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2604.191164"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization(WHO). Multi\u2010country monkeypox outbreak: situation update. Published2022.https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2022-DON393"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization(WHO). WHO Direct\u2010General declares the ongoing monkeypox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Published2022.https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/news\/item\/23-07-2022-who-director-general-declares-the-ongoing-monkeypox-outbreak-a-public-health-event-of-international-concern"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2022 Monkeypox Outbreak Global Map.2022.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/monkeypox\/response\/2022\/world-map.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation.2022 Monkeypox Outbreak: Global Trends.2022.https:\/\/worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io\/mpx_global\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Monkeypox: experts give virus variants new names.2022.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/12-08--monkeypox--experts-give-virus-variants-new-names"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. WHO recommends new name for monkeypox disease. Published2022.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/28-11-2022-who-recommends-new-name-for-monkeypox-disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007791"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","first-page":"729","article-title":"The effect of residual moisture in lyophilized smallpox vaccine on its stability at different temperatures","volume":"46","author":"Sparkes JD","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","first-page":"710","article-title":"Effect of temperature and relative humidity on variola virus in crusts","volume":"54","author":"Huq F","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2012.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7134e1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.26.2200477"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2810.221047"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00257-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.05.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00691.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01907-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001769"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30294-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency. Investigation into monkeypox outbreak in England: technical briefing 1.2022.https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/monkeypox-outbreak-technical-briefings\/investigation-into-monkeypox-outbreak-in-england-technical-briefing-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","article-title":"Air and surface sampling for monkeypox virus in UK hospitals","author":"Gould S","year":"2022","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","unstructured":"Nextstrain. Genomic epidemiology of monkeypox virus.2022.https:\/\/nextstrain.org\/monkeypox\/hmpxv1?label=clade:B.1%26m=div%26s=CVR_MPXV1a CVR_MPXV1b CVR_MPXV1c CVR_MPXV1d CVR_MPXV1e"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","unstructured":"O'TooleA RambautAInitial observations about putative APOBEC3 deaminase editing driving short\u2010term evolution of MPXC since 2017.2022.https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lanmic\/article\/PIIS2666-5247(22)00200-2\/fulltext"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","unstructured":"GiganteCM KorberB SeaboltMH et al. Multiple lineages of Monkeypoxmonkeypox virus detected in the United States 2021\u2010 2022 bioRxiv. Published Online June 10 \u00a02022.https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2022.06.10.495526v1"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","article-title":"Monkeypox: a comprehensive review of transmission, pathogenesis, and manifestation","volume":"14","author":"Kaler J","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01101-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.4.551"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.12.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012880"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02525-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780373"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01436-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214229"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-072410","article-title":"Clinical features and novel presentations of human monkeypox in a central London centre during the 2022 outbreak: descriptive case series","volume":"378","author":"Patel A","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.28.2200503"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00513-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90748-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01487-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix260"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2210828"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2207323"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2811.221323"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","unstructured":"US of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate.Master question list for monkeypox virus (MPXV);2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.06.025"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","first-page":"465","article-title":"Human monkeypox: secondary attack rates","volume":"66","author":"Jezek Z","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit703"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00431-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-073153","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of monkeypox in the United Kingdom: contact tracing study","volume":"379","author":"Ward T","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","unstructured":"ECDC. Considerations for contact tracing during the monkeypox outbreak in Europe Considerations for contact tracing during the monkeypox outbreak in Europe.2022;(June)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","unstructured":"WHO. Surveillance case investigation and contact tracing for Monkeypox.2022;(June):1\u20107.https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/354486."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add4507"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","article-title":"The role of vaccination and public awareness in medium\u2010term forecasts of monkeypox incidence in the United Kingdom","author":"Brand ASPC","year":"2022","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","unstructured":"UKHSA. Investigation into monkeypox outbreak in England: technical briefing 3.2022.https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/monkeypox-outbreak-technical-briefings\/investigation-into-monkeypox-outbreak-in-england-technical-briefing-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2206.150579"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307506101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02187-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization(WHO).Clinical Management and Infection Prevention and Control for Monkeypox: Interim Rapid Response Guidance 10 June 2022 2022.https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-MPX-Clinical-and-IPC-2022.1"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.28534","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jmv.28534","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.28534","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T08:42:22Z","timestamp":1722588142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmv.28534"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmv.28534"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.28534","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-6615","1096-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-6615","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-09-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e28534"}}