{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:39:59Z","timestamp":1773103199738,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004497","name":"Onderzoeksraad, KU Leuven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004497","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rates and modulators of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccine nonresponse and breakthrough infections remain unclear in serially vaccinated transplant recipients. In a prospective, mono\u2010centric, observational study, 1878 adult solid organ and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients, with prior SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccination, were included between March 2021 and February 2022. SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 anti\u2010spike IgG antibodies were measured at inclusion and details on SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccine doses and infection were collected. No life\u2010threatening adverse events were reported after a total of 4039 vaccine doses. In transplant recipients without prior SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091636), antibody response rates ranged widely, from 47% in lung transplant to 90% in liver transplant and 91% in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients after third vaccine dose. Antibody positivity rate and levels increased after each vaccine dose in all types of transplant recipients. In multivariable analysis, older age, chronic kidney disease and daily dose of mycophenolate and corticosteroids were negatively associated with antibody response rate. Overall rate of breakthrough infections was 25.2% and mainly (90.2%) occurred after third and fourth vaccine dose. Lung transplant recipients had the highest rates of severe breakthrough infection (10.5%) and death (2.5%). In multivariable analysis, older age, daily dose of mycophenolate and corticosteroids were associated with severe breakthrough infection. Transplant recipients with infection before first vaccine dose (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009160) had higher antibody response rates and levels after each vaccine dose, and a significantly lower overall rate of breakthrough infections compared to those without prior infection. Antibody response after SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccination and rate of severe breakthrough infections vary largely between different transplant types and are modulated by specific risk factors. The observed heterogeneity supports a tailored approach against COVID\u201019 in transplant recipients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T12:32:28Z","timestamp":1681734748000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccine antibody response and breakthrough infections in transplant recipients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Benedict","family":"Vanlerberghe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Laboratory of Hepatology University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Casper","family":"Vrij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Laboratory of Hepatology University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kris","family":"Bogaerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Critical Care, I\u2010BioStat KU Leuven &amp; University Hasselt Leuven &amp; Hasselt Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Vermeersch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine,\u00a0Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrien","family":"Lagrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine,\u00a0Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geert","family":"Molenberghs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Critical Care, I\u2010BioStat KU Leuven &amp; University Hasselt Leuven &amp; Hasselt Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Rega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Cardiac Surgery University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurens J.","family":"Ceulemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Thoracic Surgery University Hospitals Leuven, CHROMETA, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"van Raemdonck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Thoracic Surgery University Hospitals Leuven, CHROMETA, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Jochmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Department of Abdominal Transplant Surgery University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diethard","family":"Monbaliu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Department of Abdominal Transplant Surgery University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Pirenne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Department of Abdominal Transplant Surgery University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Vanuytsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Laboratory of Hepatology University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Gillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology University Hospitals Leuven, CHROMETA, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Schoemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Department of Hematology University Hospitals Leuven, ACCENT VV, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan Van","family":"Cleemput","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Cardiology University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Kuypers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Respiratory Diseases University Hospitals Leuven, CHROMETA, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederik","family":"Nevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Laboratory of Hepatology University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jef","family":"Verbeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Laboratory of Hepatology University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb2104756"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2244"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.7489"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2108861"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2111462"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.6822"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004256"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10010095"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004151"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16449"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16958"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2022.100710"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.07.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa261"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254822"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.11.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"Organization WH.\u00a0Living guidance for clinical management of COVID\u201019: living guidance 23 November 2021.\u00a0World Health Organization.\u00a02021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2531734"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05053-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq0203"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2206576"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2022010046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2203965"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116620"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107934"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2118542"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2204919"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01694-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116414"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.28736","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T07:58:21Z","timestamp":1692259101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmv.28736"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmv.28736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.28736","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-6615","1096-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-6615","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-01-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-04-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-04-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e28736"}}