{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:28:33Z","timestamp":1784309313188,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Over 1000 cases of unexplained severe acute hepatitis in children have been reported to date worldwide. An association with adeno\u2010associated virus type 2 (AAV2) infection, a human parvovirus, prompted us to investigate the epidemiology of AAV in the United Kingdom. Three hundred\u00a0pediatric respiratory samples collected before (April 03, 2009\u2013April 03, 2013) and during (April 03, 2022) the COVID\u201019 pandemic were obtained. Wastewater samples were collected from 50 locations in London (August 2021\u2013March 2022). Samples were tested for AAV using real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction followed\u00a0by sequencing. Selected adenovirus (AdV)\u2010positive samples were also sequenced. The detection frequency of AAV2 was a sevenfold higher in 2022 samples compared with 2009\u20132013 samples (10% vs. 1.4%) and highest in AdV\u2010positive samples compared with negatives (10\/37, 27% vs. 5\/94, 5.3%, respectively). AAV2\u2010positive\u00a0samples displayed high genetic diversity. AAV2 sequences were either very low or absent in wastewater collected in 2021 but increased in January 2022 and peaked in March 2022.\u00a0AAV2 was detected in children in association with AdV of species C, with a highest frequency in 2022. Our findings are consistent with the expansion of the population of children unexposed to AAV2, leading to greater spread of the virus once distancing restrictions were lifted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T11:31:55Z","timestamp":1688556715000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Postpandemic rebound of adeno\u2010associated virus type 2 (AAV2) infections temporally associated with an outbreak of unexplained severe acute hepatitis in children in the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Shannah","family":"Gates","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Services National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Andreani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Grenoble\u2010Alpes  Grenoble France"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Dewar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialist Virology Centre, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh NHS Lothian  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald B.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Templeton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialist Virology Centre, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh NHS Lothian  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry T.","family":"Child","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"Breuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Golubchik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine Big Data Institute Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Bassano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytics &amp; 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