{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T17:52:19Z","timestamp":1792259539872,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]],"date-time":"2023-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus\u20102 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) damages multiple organs, including the thyroid, by direct invasion and cell entry via angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme 2 or indirectly by promoting excessive inflammation in the body. The immune system is a critical factor in antiviral immunity and disease progression. In the context of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection, the immune system may become overly activated, resulting in a shift from regulatory to effector responses, which may subsequently promote the development and progression of autoimmune diseases. The incidence of autoimmune thyroid diseases, such as subacute thyroiditis, Graves' disease, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, increases in individuals with COVID\u201019 infection. This phenomenon may be attributed to aberrant responses of T\u2010cell subtypes, the presence of autoantibodies, impaired regulatory cell function, and excessive production of inflammatory cytokines, namely interleukin (IL)\u20106, IL\u20101\u03b2, interferon\u2010\u03b3, and tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1. Therefore, insights into the immune responses involved in the development of autoimmune thyroid disease according to COVID\u201019 can help identify potential therapeutic approaches and guide the development of effective interventions to alleviate patients' symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]],"date-time":"2023-07-29T08:30:19Z","timestamp":1690619419000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["COVID\u201019\u2010induced autoimmune thyroiditis: Exploring molecular mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Bita","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Innovated Medical Research Center, Mashhad Branch Islamic Azad University Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamal","family":"Dua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health University of Technology Sydney  NSW Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health, Australian Research Center in Complementary &amp; Integrative Medicine University of Technology Sydney Ultimo NSW Australia"},{"name":"Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Uttaranchal University Dehradun India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Saghafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Innovated Medical Research Center, Mashhad Branch Islamic Azad University Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachin Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, Australian Research Center in Complementary &amp; Integrative Medicine University of Technology Sydney Ultimo NSW Australia"},{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Lovely Professional University  Punjab India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2093-819X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Heydarifard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences Khorramabad Iran"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Hepatitis Research Center Lorestan University of Medical Sciences Khorramabad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2145-0196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milad","family":"Zandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26615"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.629873"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-021-01656-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo0171"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03328-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2021.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01814-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2021.0709"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-020-09615-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa108"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01436-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00019.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03120-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00662-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202001-0179LE"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11050697"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-1088-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03767-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25685"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.848582"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2021.101495"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.624483"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-20-1861"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-020-04066-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.13131"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI154886"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13115"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00814-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_32_1","article-title":"Dominant extrafollicular B cell responses in severe COVID\u201019 disease correlate with robust viral\u2010specific antibody production but poor clinical outcomes","author":"Woodruff M","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.3293"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-010-0544-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.700926"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27965"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02818-2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113889"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10061339"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2024202118"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26247459"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.680891"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology29030039"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00061.2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.617089"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-020-01145-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4183\/aeb.2020.375"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.155873"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.700921"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_17_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-019-0316-1","article-title":"The activation of bystander CD8(+) T cells and their roles in viral infection","volume":"51","author":"Kim TS","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.1c00403"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2020.100617"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2020.00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2022.100154"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13623"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048908"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605221082898"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.708264"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1035559"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00715-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_63_1","article-title":"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 ORF9c is a membrane\u2010associated protein that suppresses antiviral responses in cells","author":"Dominguez Andres A","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_64_1","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Role of Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Autoimmune Diseases. Volume II: Kidney, Central Nervous System, Eye, Blood, Blood Vessels & Bowel","author":"Giri PS","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2015.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03065-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0425"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-021-00464-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-023-00964-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1143350"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180595"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2007-0014OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.660087"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102597"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06185-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10067-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.103249"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rap\/rkaa081"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123291"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000022002"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2007.20.11.1199"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1548"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1510375"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2021.1932467"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2017.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-020-09569-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1440561"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxac050"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(99)80102-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/endocrines3030031"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1514383113"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1998.8.1107"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.225.301"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2007.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1041676"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1211440"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2010.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2555"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939708996275"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_17_102_1","first-page":"2976","article-title":"Increased serum concentrations of interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106) and soluble IL\u20106 receptor in patients with graves\u2019 disease","volume":"81","author":"Salvi M","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.08.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/4141"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7301.1525"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0184-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101773"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2022.2047506"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01637"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102314"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-244909"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2020106"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-21-0024"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45013-1_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2018.0065"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13044-018-0046-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151221674"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108480"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2042"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-022-01786-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2022.102809"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.29001","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T02:25:35Z","timestamp":1702434335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmv.29001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmv.29001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.29001","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-6615","1096-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-6615","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-04-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e29001"}}