{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:27:58Z","timestamp":1790753278274,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003715","name":"Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003715","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Life\u2010long persistent herpesviruses carry \u201ctrans\u2010inducers\u201d to overcome the unusual codon usage of their glycoproteins for efficient expression. Strikingly, this \u201ctrans\u2010inducibility\u201d can be achieved by simply changing the codon\u2010usage of acute virus glycoproteins to that of persistent herpesvirus glycoproteins with herpesviral trans\u2010inducer. Here, we apply the \u201cpersistent viral codon\u2010usage\u2010trans\u2010inducer\u201d principle to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Spike mRNA vaccine platform, in which the codon\u2010usage of Spike is changed to that of Herpes Simplex Virus\u20101 (HSV\u20101) glycoprotein B (gB) with its \u201ctrans\u2010inducer\u201d ICP27. The HSVgB\u2010ICP27\u2010codon\u2010optimized Spike mRNA vaccine induced markedly high antigen expression and stability, total IgG, neutralizing antibody, and T cell response, ultimately enhancing protection against lethal SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 challenge. Moreover, the HSVgB\u2010 codon\u2010optimized Delta (B.1.617.2) strain Spike mRNA vaccine provided significant enhancements in antigen expression and long\u2010term protection against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 challenge. Thus, we report a novel persistent viral codon\u2010usage\u2010trans\u2010inducer mRNA vaccine platform for enhanced antigen expression and long\u2010term protection against lethal viral infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T14:28:06Z","timestamp":1697812086000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Viral codon optimization on SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Spike boosts immunity in the development of COVID\u201019 mRNA vaccines"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Chih\u2010Jen","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology and Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dokyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology and Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seokmin","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology and Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8582-2913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Research and Innovation Center Cleveland Clinic Port St. Lucie Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inho","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology and Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akimi","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology and Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Porras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Research and Innovation Center Cleveland Clinic Port St. Lucie Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology and Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae U.","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology and Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2622-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00017-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00462-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.59233"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Codon usage and tRNA content in unicellular and multicellular organisms","volume":"2","author":"Ikemura T","year":"1985","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/dsu017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-1124-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-020-00642-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72533-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00493-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00564-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90670-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1515387112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02395-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01903-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.02.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.6.5.848"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd0826"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2201616119"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9122515"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.304"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201300481"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100208"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06048-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.01.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.03.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq4411"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.08.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm4069"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.262766.115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.584283"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00450-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2104805118"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02460-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.03.016"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.29183","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T12:33:41Z","timestamp":1722602021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmv.29183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmv.29183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.29183","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-6615","1096-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-6615","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-09-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e29183"}}