{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T05:53:44Z","timestamp":1775195624908,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Liver cirrhosis remains a major health concern globally, but its epidemiology and etiology evolve with time. However, the changing pattern in etiology and cause of liver\u2010related mortality for patients with cirrhosis are not fully elucidated. Herein, our aim was to characterize the temporal trend of the etiological spectrum and evaluate the impact of etiology on liver\u2010related death among patients with compensated cirrhosis (CC) in Beijing, China. Clinical profiles of patients with CC discharged between January 2008 and December 2015 were retrieved from the Beijing hospital discharge database. The mortalities of different etiologies of cirrhosis were calculated. The risks of readmission and liver\u2010related death associated with etiologies were evaluated by the Cox regression model. A total of 23\u2009978 cirrhotic patients were included. The predominant cause was hepatitis B virus (HBV) (58.93%), followed by alcohol (21.35%), autoimmune (14.85%), miscellaneous etiologies (3.55%), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) (1.32%). From 2008 to 2015, the proportion of HBV\u2010related cirrhosis decreased to 28.11%. Meanwhile, the proportions of autoimmune\u2010 and miscellaneous\u2010related cirrhosis increased to 28.54% and 13.11%. The risk of liver\u2010related death ranked the highest in patients with miscellaneous cirrhosis, followed by HBV\u2010related cirrhosis, alcohol\u2010related cirrhosis, autoimmune\u2010related cirrhosis, and HCV\u2010related cirrhosis. The 5\u2010year rates of liver\u2010related death were 22.56%, 18.99%, 18.77%, 16.01%, and 10.76%, respectively. HBV\u2010related cirrhosis caused the highest risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)\u2010related death, whereas alcohol\u2010 and miscellaneous\u2010related cirrhosis caused higher risks of decompensation (DC)\u2010related death than HBV\u2010related cirrhosis, with hazard ratios of 1.35 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24\u20131.48) and 1.20 (95% CI: 1.03\u20131.40), respectively. HBV remained a common cause of liver cirrhosis but gradually decreased. Mortality disparities existed in etiologies, with higher risks of HCC\u2010related death in HBV\u2010related cirrhosis, and DC\u2010related death in alcohol\u2010 and miscellaneous\u2010related cirrhosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T10:46:15Z","timestamp":1705574775000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Changing spectrum and mortality disparities of etiology of liver cirrhosis in Beijing, China"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1163-8961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and EBM Unit, Beijing Friendship Hospital Capital Medical University; Beijing Clinical Research Institute Beijing China"},{"name":"Methodological Platform National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zaihua","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Center Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianting","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Center Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoning","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital Capital Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueqin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Center National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital Capital Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4673-8890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jidong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital Capital Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2586-1443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and EBM Unit, Beijing Friendship Hospital Capital Medical University; Beijing Clinical Research Institute Beijing China"},{"name":"Methodological Platform National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30349-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.104127"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000449"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20130184"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-016-1216-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00759-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"WHO. 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