{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T16:42:31Z","timestamp":1777480951587,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Despite the success of combination antiretroviral therapy, people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) still have an increased risk of Epstein\u2212Barr virus (EBV)\u2010associated B cell malignancies. In the HIV setting, B cell physiology is altered by coexistence with HIV\u2010infected cells and the chronic action of secreted viral proteins, for example, HIV\u20101 Tat that, once released, efficiently penetrates noninfected cells. We modeled the chronic action of HIV\u20101 Tat on B cells by ectopically expressing Tat or TatC22G mutant in two lymphoblastoid B cell lines. The RNA\u2010sequencing analysis revealed that Tat deregulated the expression of hundreds of genes in B cells, including the downregulation of a subset of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II\u2010related genes. Tat\u2010induced downregulation of\n                    <jats:italic>HLA\u2010DRB1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>HLA\u2010DRB5<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes led to a decrease in HLA\u2010DR surface expression; this effect was reproduced by coculturing B cells with Tat\u2010expressing T cells. Chronic Tat presence decreased the NF\u2010\u1d0bB pathway activity in B cells; this downregulated NF\u2010\u1d0bB\u2010dependent transcriptional targets, including MHC class II genes. Notably,\n                    <jats:italic>HLA\u2010DRB1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and surface HLA\u2010DR expression was also decreased in B cells from people with HIV. Tat\u2010induced HLA\u2010DR downregulation in B cells impaired EBV\u2010specific CD4+\u2009T cell response, which contributed to the escape from immune surveillance and could eventually promote B cell lymphomagenesis in people with HIV.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T11:38:42Z","timestamp":1706528322000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Chronic HIV\u20101 Tat action induces HLA\u2010DR downregulation in B cells: A mechanism for lymphoma immune escape in people living with HIV"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7162-074X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Shmakova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, UMR 9018, Universit\u00e9 Paris\u2010Saclay Institut Gustave Roussy  Villejuif France"},{"name":"Koltzov 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