{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:17:32Z","timestamp":1780636652178,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies on the impact of the COVID\u201019 pandemic in sub\u2010Saharan Africa have yielded varying results, although authors universally agree the real burden surpasses reported cases. The primary objective of this study was to determine SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 seroprevalence among patients attending Monkole Hospital in Kinshasa (D.R. Congo). The secondary objective was to evaluate the analytic performance of two chemiluminescence platforms: Elecsys\u00ae (Roche) and VirClia\u00ae (Vircell) on dried blood spot samples (DBS). The study population (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009373) was recruited in two stages: a mid\u20102021 blood donor cohort (15.5% women) and a mid\u20102022 women cohort. Crude global seroprevalence was 61% (53.9%\u201367.8%) pre\u2010Delta in 2021 and 90.2% (84.7%\u201394.2%) post\u2010Omicron in 2022. Anti\u2010spike (S) antibody levels significantly increased from 53.1 (31.8\u2013131.3) U\/mL in 2021 to 436.5 (219.3\u2013950.5) U\/mL in 2022 and were significantly higher above 45 years old in the 2022 population. Both platforms showed good analytic performance on DBS samples: sensitivity was 96.8% for IgG (antiN\/S) (93.9%\u201398.5%) and 96.0% (93.0%\u201398.0%) for anti\u2010S quantification. These results provide additional support for the notion that exposure to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 is more widespread than indicated by case\u2010based surveillance and will be able to guide the pandemic response and strategy moving forward. Likewise, this study contributes evidence to the reliability of DBS as a tool for serological testing and diagnosis in resource\u2010limited settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T04:54:32Z","timestamp":1711083272000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["High pre\u2010Delta and early\u2010Omicron SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 seroprevalence detected in dried blood samples from Kinshasa (D.R. Congo)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9250-0878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Mart\u00ednez","family":"de Aguirre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra Pamplona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4968-7080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Carlos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Universidad de Navarra Pamplona Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA) Irunlarrea, 3 Pamplona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6960-7236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Pina\u2010S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra Pamplona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4718-2070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samclide","family":"Mbikayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Monkole Kinshasa Democratic Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6898-3929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Burgue\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Monkole Kinshasa Democratic Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3425-3291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Tendobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Monkole Kinshasa Democratic Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1908-3251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Chiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra Pamplona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1330-8050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1frica","family":"Holgu\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Epidemiolog\u00eda Molecular VIH\u20101 Hospital Ram\u00f3n y Cajal \u2010IRYCIS y CIBERESP\u2010RITIP Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4079-9753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Reina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra Pamplona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"ECDC. SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants of concern as of 9 June 2022. Published2022. Accessed April 4 2023.https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/covid-19\/variants-concern"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID\u201019): Variants of SARS\u2010COV\u20102. Published2021. Accessed April 4 2023.https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/question-and-answers-hub\/q-a-detail\/coronavirus-disease-%28covid-19%29-variants-of-sars-cov-2?gclid=Cj0KCQiA_bieBhDSARIsADU4zLdE7HL9gw_ZUerE4SgXBTFBlo_Gg5DneaSMAtUXowlHA-oUJy8vLYAaAnu0EALw_wc"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-022-00052-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2020.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb3221"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2801.211082"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID\u201019) Dashboard With Vaccination Data | WHO Coronavirus (COVID\u201019) Dashboard With Vaccination Data. 2022:1\u20105."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00484-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00233-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2022.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15708-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268823001498"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.03.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268823001425"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-023-00102-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.17449"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811664"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292440"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcvp.2023.100156"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42615-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28221"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272751"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-11061-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0075"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","first-page":"333","volume-title":"Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology","author":"Sookaromdee P","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26709-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11071163"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.08.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11030522"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdab011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2022.113420"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2022.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2023.101479"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2021.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.01245-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09699-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-062567"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030349"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19537-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00053-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab515"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000363"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2271"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2901.221009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13216"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","article-title":"Estimates of prevalence of anti\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 antibodies among blood donors in South Africa in March 2022","author":"Bingham J","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res Sq"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","article-title":"Prevalence of anti\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 antibodies among blood donors in Northern Cape, KwaZulu\u2010Natal, Eastern Cape, and free state provinces of South Africa in January 2021","author":"Sykes W","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Sq"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2022.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-008793"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.55978"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.36053"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043356"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11051010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244126"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0474-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00026-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1189"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czab133"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14102259"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcvp.2022.100093"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4155\/bio-2020-0289"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2014-051734"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","unstructured":"Coronavirus (COVID\u201019) Vaccinations \u2010 Our World in Data. Accessed June 16 2023https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/covid-vaccinations#licence"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.29529","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T04:25:20Z","timestamp":1759379120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmv.29529"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmv.29529"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.29529","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-6615","1096-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-6615","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e29529"}}