{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T22:27:18Z","timestamp":1784327238481,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Understanding how the infectious disease burden was affected throughout the COVID\u201019 pandemic is pivotal to identifying potential hot spots and guiding future mitigation measures. Therefore, our study aimed to analyze the changes in the rate of new cases of Poland's most frequent infectious diseases during the entire COVID\u201019 pandemic and after the influx of war refugees from Ukraine. We performed a registry\u2010based population\u2010wide study in Poland to analyze the changes in the rate of 24 infectious disease cases from 2020 to 2023 and compared them to the prepandemic period (2016\u20132019). Data were collected from publicly archived datasets of the Epimeld database published by national epidemiological authority institutions. The rate of most of the studied diseases (66.6%) revealed significantly negative correlations with the rate of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infections. For the majority of infectious diseases, it substantially decreased in 2020 (in case of 83%) and 2021 (63%), following which it mostly rebounded to the prepandemic levels and, in some cases, exceeded them in 2023 when the exceptionally high annual rates of new cases of scarlet fever, <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infections, HIV infections, syphilis, gonococcal infections, and tick\u2010borne encephalitis were noted. The rate of <jats:italic>Clostridioides difficile<\/jats:italic> enterocolitis was two\u2010fold higher than before the pandemic from 2021 onward. The rate of Legionnaires\u2019 disease in 2023 also exceeded the prepandemic threshold, although this was due to a local outbreak unrelated to lifted COVID\u201019 pandemic restrictions or migration of war refugees. The influx of war migrants from Ukraine could impact the epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases. The present analysis indicates that continued efforts are needed to prevent COVID\u201019 from overwhelming healthcare systems again and decreasing the control over the burden of other infectious diseases. It also identifies the potential tipping points that require additional mitigation measures, which are also discussed in the paper, to avoid escalation in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T06:54:35Z","timestamp":1715064875000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The burden of infectious diseases throughout and after the COVID\u201019 pandemic (2020\u20132023) and Russo\u2010Ukrainian war migration"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4713-0801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Rzymski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine Poznan University of Medical Sciences Pozna\u0144 Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Zar\u0119bska\u2010Michaluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Allergology Jan Kochanowski University Kielce Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi\u0142osz","family":"Parczewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency Pomeranian Medical University Szczecin Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Genowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Medical University of Bialystok Bialystok Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Poniedzia\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine Poznan University of Medical Sciences Pozna\u0144 Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birute","family":"Strukcinskiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Klaipeda University Klaipeda Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Moniuszko\u2010Malinowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections Medical University of Bialystok Bialystok Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Flisiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Medical University of Bialystok Bialystok Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8040380"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2023.101243"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2021.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2021.102109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1787107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orhc.2023.100410"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105160"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac276"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2022.100369"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30041-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504211019854"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01814-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1202216"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36267-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07301-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07211-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00198-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11040478"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1200617"},{"issue":"41","key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","article-title":"Epidemiology of common infectious diseases before and during the COVID\u201019 pandemic in Bavaria, Germany, 2016 to 2021: an analysis of routine surveillance data","volume":"28","author":"Berg S","year":"2023","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"2257","key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","article-title":"Executive summary to the royal society report \u201cCOVID\u201019: examining the effectiveness of non\u2010pharmaceutical interventions","volume":"381","author":"Walport MJ","year":"2023","journal-title":"Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12430"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041836"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2021.1889097"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11091502"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","unstructured":"National Institute of Public Health\u2013National Research Institute. Reports on Infectious Diseases Infections and Poisonings in Poland for the years2016\u20102023. Accessed February 4 2024.https:\/\/wwwold.pzh.gov.pl\/oldpage\/epimeld\/index_p.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","unstructured":"Temporary limitations \u2010 Coronavirus:information and recommendations \u2010 Gov.pl website. Coronavirus: information and recommendations. Accessed February 5 2024.https:\/\/www.gov.pl\/web\/coronavirus\/temporary-limitations"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"\u041f\u0440\u043e \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0456\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0449\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456.\u041e\u0444\u0456\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0431\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438. Accessed February 21 2024.https:\/\/zakon.rada.gov.ua\/laws\/show\/z1237-14"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","article-title":"Measles: a new danger for Ukraine's children! The need for an effective and timely vaccination prevention campaign","volume":"64","author":"Orsini D","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Prev Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","unstructured":"TillesDRefusals of compulsory vaccines for children double in Poland over last five years. Notes From Poland. Accessed July 31 2023.https:\/\/notesfrompoland.com\/2023\/04\/26\/refusals-of-compulsory-vaccines-for-children-double-in-poland-over-last-five-years\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","unstructured":"GUS.Vaccinations of children and youth. stat.gov.pl. Accessed February 11 2024.https:\/\/stat.gov.pl\/en\/topics\/health\/health\/vaccinations-of-children-and-youth 5 4.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","article-title":"Measles outbreaks cause alarm: what the data say","author":"Wong C","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11111654"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09488-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000001434"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","article-title":"A case of legionnaires' disease in a patient during the legionella epidemic in south\u2010eastern Poland in August 2023","volume":"133","author":"Szymanski M","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pol Arch Med Wewn"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061657"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848211016248"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.454"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2022.210"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-23862"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2017.158"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.18-3-237"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","article-title":"Differences between the course of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infections in the periods of the delta and omicron variants dominance in Poland","volume":"133","author":"Dobrowolska K","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pol Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010149"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-022-00697-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/164.2.277"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1006261"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.05.070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa081"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1908.130472"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4726-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/cipms-2021-0037"},{"issue":"151600","key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","article-title":"Impact of the COVID\u201019 pandemic on norovirus circulation in Germany","volume":"314","author":"Jacobsen S","year":"2024","journal-title":"IJMM"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckab165.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2019.236"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(19)30136-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12123922"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2022.100531"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16030469"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","unstructured":"Guidance for country validation of viral hepatitis elimination and path to elimination. Accessed February 11 2024.https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240078635"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/ceh.2023.125957"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","article-title":"Changes in sexual activities, function, and satisfaction during the COVID\u201019 pandemic era: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"11","author":"Qaderi K","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sex Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108260"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08488-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.47.2001943"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control WHO Regional Office for Europe.HIV\/AIDS Surveillance in Europe 2021: 2020 Data.;2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13180"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15579883231168602"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X20666220613120735"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00125-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","unstructured":"Ukrainian citizens in Poland \u2013 current migration data.Office for Foreigners. Published 2023. Accessed October 4 2023.https:\/\/www.gov.pl\/web\/udsc\/obywatele-ukrainy-w-polsce--aktualne-dane-migracyjne"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1249509"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2021.105925"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32394\/pe.74.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2710.210903"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11756-021-00927-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02935-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","volume-title":"Erysipelas","author":"Michael Y","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","first-page":"368","article-title":"Primary and secondary prevention for erysipelas","volume":"128","author":"Becq\u2010Giraudon B","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13738"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.05.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2021.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health in Poland.Zarz\u0105dzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 11 stycznia 2024 r. w sprawie powo\u0142ania Zespo\u0142u do spraw monitorowania i oceny sytuacji dotycz\u0105cej zagro\u017ce\u0144 zwi\u0105zanych z chorobami zaka\u017anymi. Published 2024. Accessed March 28 2024.https:\/\/dziennikmz.mz.gov.pl\/DUM_MZ\/2024\/2\/akt.pdf"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.29651","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T06:42:41Z","timestamp":1757313761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmv.29651"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmv.29651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.29651","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-6615","1096-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-6615","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-03-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e29651"}}