{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:02:06Z","timestamp":1791378126612,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rotavirus gastroenteritis is accountable for an estimated 128\u2009500 deaths among children younger than 5 years worldwide, and the majority occur in low\u2010income countries. Although the clinical trials of rotavirus vaccines in Bangladesh revealed a significant reduction of severe rotavirus disease by around 50%, the vaccines are not yet included in the routine immunization program. The present study was designed to provide data on rotavirus diarrhea with clinical profiles and genotypes before (2017\u20132019) and during the COVID\u201019 pandemic period (2020\u20132021). Fecal samples were collected from 2% of the diarrheal patients at icddr,b Dhaka hospital of all ages between January 2017 and December 2021 and were tested for VP6 rotavirus antigen using ELISA. The clinical manifestations such as fever, duration of diarrhea and hospitalization, number of stools, and dehydration and so on were collected from the surveillance database (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093127). Of the positive samples, 10% were randomly selected for genotyping using Sanger sequencing method. A total of 12\u2009705 fecal samples were screened for rotavirus A antigen by enzyme immunoassay. Overall, 3369 (27%) were rotavirus antigen\u2010positive, of whom children &lt;2 years had the highest prevalence (88.6%). The risk of rotavirus A infection was 4.2 times higher in winter than in summer. Overall, G3P[8] was the most prominent genotype (45.3%), followed by G1P[8] (32.1%), G9P[8] (6.8%), and G2P[4] (6.1%). The other unusual combinations, such as G1P[4], G1P[6], G2P[6], G3P[4], G3P[6], and G9P[6], were also present. Genetic analysis on Bangladeshi strains revealed that the selection pressure (dN\/dS) was estimated as &lt;1. The number of hospital visits showed a 37% drop during the COVID\u201019 pandemic relative to the years before the pandemic. Conversely, there was a notable increase in the rate of rotavirus positivity during the pandemic (34%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.00) compared to the period before COVID\u201019 (23%). Among the various clinical symptoms, only the occurrence of watery stool significantly increased during the pandemic. The G2P[4] strain showed a sudden rise (19%) in 2020, which then declined in 2021. In the same year, G1P[8] was more prevalent than G3P[8] (40% vs. 38%, respectively). The remaining genotypes were negligible and did not exhibit much fluctuation. This study reveals that the rotavirus burden remained high during the COVID\u201019 prepandemic and pandemic in Bangladesh. Considering the lack of antigenic variations between the circulating and vaccine\u2010targeted strains, integrating the vaccine into the national immunization program could reduce the prevalence of the disease, the number of hospitalizations, and the severity of cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T01:59:35Z","timestamp":1716343175000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Rotavirus trends and distribution of genotypes before and during COVID\u201019 pandemic era: Bangladesh, 2017\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5437-6228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Warda","family":"Haque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Talha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0092-9261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sezanur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehedi","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Jagannath University Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaheen","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahid","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Jagannath University Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayra","family":"Moni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadia H.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5511-1857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad E.","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abu S. 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