{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:17:23Z","timestamp":1785536243323,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Due to the limitation of previous studies examining adverse reports of myocarditis and pericarditis associated with vaccines other than the COVID\u201019 vaccine, there are challenges in establishing a comprehensive understanding of vaccine safety on a global scale. Hence, the objective of this study was to examine the worldwide burden of vaccine\u2010associated pericarditis and myocarditis and the vaccines associated with these indications. This study utilized the World Health Organization international pharmacovigilance database, from which records of vaccine\u2010associated pericarditis and myocarditis between 1969 and 2023 were extracted (over 130 million reports). We calculated global reporting counts, reported odds ratios (RORs), and information components (ICs) to discern the association between 19 vaccines and the occurrence of pericarditis and myocarditis across 156 countries and territories. We identified 49 096 reports (male,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200930 013) of vaccine\u2010associated pericarditis and myocarditis among 73 590 reports of all\u2010cause pericarditis and myocarditis. There has been a significant increase in reports of vaccine\u2010related cardiac adverse events over time, with a noteworthy surge observed after 2020, attributed to cases of pericarditis associated with COVID\u201019 mRNA vaccines. Smallpox vaccines were associated with most pericarditis and myocarditis reports (ROR: 73.68 [95% CI, 67.79\u201380.10]; IC [IC\n                    <jats:sub>0.25<\/jats:sub>\n                    ]: 6.05 [5.91]), followed by COVID\u201019 mRNA vaccine (37.77 [37.00\u201338.56]; 3.07 [3.05]), anthrax vaccine (25.54 [22.37\u201329.16]; 4.58 [4.35]), typhoid vaccine (6.17 [5.16\u20137.38]; 2.59 [2.29]), encephalitis vaccine (2.00 [1.48\u20132.71]; 0.99 [0.47]), influenza vaccine (1.87 [1.71\u20132.04]; 0.90 [0.75]), and Ad5\u2010vectored COVID\u201019 vaccine (1.40 [1.34\u20131.46]; 0.46 [0.39]). Concerning age and sex\u2010specific risks, reports of vaccine\u2010associated pericarditis and myocarditis were more prevalent among males and in older age groups. The age group between 12 and 17 years exhibited significant sex disproportion. Most of these adverse events had a short time to onset (median time: 1 day) and fatality rate was 0.44%. Our analysis of global data revealed an increase in pericarditis and myocarditis reports associated with vaccines, particularly live vaccines like smallpox and anthrax, notably in young males. While these adverse events are generally rare and mild, caution is warranted, especially for healthcare workers, due to potential myocardial injury\u2010related in\u2010hospital mortality. Further study with validated reporting is crucial to enhance accuracy in evaluating the correlation between vaccines and cardiac conditions for preventive measures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T03:44:46Z","timestamp":1718077486000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Global estimates on the reports of vaccine\u2010associated myocarditis and pericarditis from 1969 to 2023: Findings with critical reanalysis from the WHO pharmacovigilance database"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Sooji","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Kyung Hee University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea"},{"name":"Center for Digital Health Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyesu","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Digital Health Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Regulatory Science Kyung Hee University Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeri","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Digital Health Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Regulatory Science Kyung Hee University Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Digital Health Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Kyung Hee University Yongin South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinseok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Kyung Hee University Yongin South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeon Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Digital Health Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Regulatory Science Kyung Hee University Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiseung","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Unit Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, CIBERSAM, ISCIII Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Lariboisi\u00e8re\u2010Fernand Widal Hospital, AP\u2010HP, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 Paris France"},{"name":"Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative Diseases (EpiAgeing) Inserm U1153, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health, Performance and Wellbeing Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge 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