{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T15:57:00Z","timestamp":1774540620807,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Globally, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and\u00a0coronavirus disease 2019\u00a0(COVID\u201019) are the most common causes of death due to the lack of early predictive and diagnostic tools. Therefore, research for a new biomarker is crucial. Inflammatory biomarkers are critical central players in the pathogenesis of viral infections. IL\u201018, produced by macrophages in early viral infections, triggers inflammatory biomarkers and interferon production, crucial for viral host defense. Finding out IL\u201018 function can help understand COVID\u201019 pathophysiology and predict disease prognosis. Histamine and its receptors regulate allergic lung responses, with H1 receptor inhibition potentially reducing inflammation in\u00a0severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) infection. angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme 2 (ACE\u20102) receptors on cholangiocytes suggest liver involvement in SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection. The current study presents the potential impact of circulating acetylcholine, histamine, IL\u201018, and interferon\u2010Alpha as diagnostic tools in HCV, COVID\u201019, and dual HCV\u2010COVID\u201019 pathogenesis. The current study was a prospective cross\u2010section conducted on 188 participants classified into the following four groups: Group 1 COVID\u201019 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200947), Group 2 HCV (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200947), and Group 3 HCV\u2010COVID\u201019 patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u200947), besides the healthy control Group 4 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200947). The levels of acetylcholine, histamine, IL\u201018, and interferon\u2010alpha were assayed using the ELISA method. Liver and kidney functions within all groups showed a marked alteration compared to the healthy control group. Our statistical analysis found that individuals with dual infection with HCV\u2010COVID\u201019 had high ferritin levels compared to other biomarkers while those with COVID\u201019 infection had high levels of D\u2010Dimer. The histamine, acetylcholine, and IL\u201018 biomarkers in both COVID\u201019 and dual HCV\u2010COVID\u201019 groups have shown discriminatory power, making them potential diagnostic tests for infection. These three biomarkers showed satisfactory performance in identifying HCV infection. The IFN\u2010Alpha test performed well in the HCV\u2010COVID\u201019 group and was fair in the COVID\u201019 group, but it had little discriminative value in the HCV group. Moreover, our findings highlighted the pivotal role of acetylcholine, histamine, IL\u201018, and interferon\u2010Alpha in HCV, COVID\u201019, and dual HCV\u2010COVID\u201019 infection. Circulating levels of acetylcholine, histamine, IL\u201018, and interferon\u2010Alpha can be potential early indicators for HCV, COVID\u201019, and dual HCV\u2010COVID\u201019 infection. We acknowledge that further large multicenter experimental studies are needed to further investigate the role biomarkers play in influencing the likelihood of infection to confirm and extend our observations and to better understand and ultimately prevent or treat these diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T12:07:45Z","timestamp":1723723665000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Biochemical implication of acetylcholine, histamine, IL\u201018, and interferon\u2010alpha as diagnostic biomarkers in hepatitis C virus, coronavirus disease 2019, and dual hepatitis C virus\u2010coronavirus disease 2019 patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7086-6040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amany 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