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This study aimed to characterize WNV strains circulating in Serbia, and to estimate the pathways and dynamics of WNV\u20102 spread in the Balkans and globally through the phylogenetic approach. Fifty newly generated NS5 Serbian sequences were found to belong to WNV lineage 2. Phylodynamic analyses of the Balkan clade indicated the potential for an increase in genetic diversity and structure of virus populations. Presented phylogeographic analyses implied four instances of long\u2010distance WNV\u20102 migration from Africa to Europe, during the 1940s to 1950s, while further dissemination of WNV\u20102 originated in Hungary in mid\u20101970s and subsequently spread to Austria and Serbia. Extensive dispersion took place during the 1990s\u20132000s, as the virus spread from Austria to central and western Europe, and from Hungary to the Balkans. Continuous phylogeography analysis of the Balkans WNV\u20102 clade implied the central role of Serbia for WNV dissemination across the Balkan peninsula. Furthermore, previously undocumented instance of intercontinental migration of WNV\u20102 from Europe to Asia was implied. In\u2010depth phylogenetic investigation into the global distribution of WNV\u20102 may provide valuable insights into the prediction and prevention of potential epidemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T08:48:47Z","timestamp":1732870127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dynamics of West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Spread in the Balkans in the Context of Global Spatio\u2010Temporal Dispersal"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Marija","family":"Suka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0453-5945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Cirkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group for Medical Entomology, Centre of Excellence for Food\u2010 and Vector\u2010Borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Siljic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5993-0577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Jankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Loncar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Institute for Biocides and Medical Ecology Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milica","family":"Rajkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sector of Ecology and Environmental Improvement, Public Utility Company, \u201cCity Sanitation\u201d Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gorana","family":"Stamenkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2010National Institute of Republic of Serbia University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivera","family":"Vukicevic\u2010Radic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sector of Ecology and Environmental Improvement, Public Utility Company, \u201cCity Sanitation\u201d Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Stanojevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EI10-0021-2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9070589"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-020-02339-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12801"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990505"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02690.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006078"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2998-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1705.101759"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/23744235.2016.1164890"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.32.1800428"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/030.2023.02040"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Genotyping of West Nile Fever Virus Strains Circulating in Southern Russia as an Epidemiological Investigation Method: Principles and Results","author":"Platonov A. 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