{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T17:30:00Z","timestamp":1778261400372,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Rhinovirus (RV), classified into RV\u2010A, RV\u2010B, and RV\u2010C, is a prevalent cause of respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Here, we analysed RV infection and its clinical implications among outpatients with acute upper RTIs. Demographic data, baseline comorbidities, clinical symptoms, and health outcomes of RV\u2010infected patients (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009849) were compared with influenza (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009417). Multivariable logistic regression was employed to evaluate predictors and health outcomes over a 1\u2010year follow\u2010up period. RV infections predominantly presented with cough, nasal discharge, and sore throat, whereas fever was more prevalent in influenza cases. RV\u2010C\u2010infected individuals with diabetes mellitus (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.6; 95% CI 1.7\u20137.2;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001) and asthma (aOR 1.9; 95% CI 1.0\u20133.5;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.047) showed a higher likelihood of experiencing severe acute respiratory symptoms. RV\u2010C patients with comorbidities were twice more likely to have primary care visits due to RTIs within 1 year (aOR 2.4; 95% CI 1.4\u20134.4;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.003). Asthma (aOR 3.8; 95% CI 1.9\u20137.2;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and allergic rhinitis (aOR 2.9; 95% CI 1.0\u20138.0;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.042) were key predictors of increased RTI\u2010related primary care visits. RV infection, particularly in individuals with asthma, allergic rhinitis and diabetes, poses a significant disease burden similar to that of influenza.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T18:57:20Z","timestamp":1741633040000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Respiratory Symptoms and Health Outcomes of Rhinovirus and Influenza Virus Infections: Implications of Asthma, Diabetes Mellitus and Allergic Rhinitis in Rhinovirus C Infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Thevambiga","family":"Iyadorai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pui Li","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hoe Leong","family":"Sii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun Keat","family":"P'ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soon Sean","family":"Ee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maw Pin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nik Sherina","family":"Hanafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong Kek","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim Tien","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR)  Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2104-761X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack Bee","family":"Chook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences Sunway University Bandar Sunway Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Takebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"},{"name":"AIDS Research Center National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama Shinjuku\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kok\u2010Gan","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"},{"name":"Microbiome Research Group Research Center for Life Science and Healthcare  China"},{"name":"Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute (CBI) University of Nottingham, Ningbo China Zhejiang 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