{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T09:05:10Z","timestamp":1764666310785,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We surveyed single nucleotide variant (SNV) patterns from 5\u2009903\u2009647 complete SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 genomes. Among 10\u2009012 SNVs, APOBEC\u2010mediated C\u2010to\u2010U (C\u2009&gt;\u2009U) deamination was the most prevalent, followed by G\u2009&gt;\u2009U and other RNA editing\u2010related substitutions including (A\u2009&gt;\u2009G, U\u2009&gt;\u2009C, G\u2009&gt;\u2009A). However, C\u2009&gt;\u2009U mutations were less frequent in functional regions, for example, S protein, intrinsic disordered regions, and nonsynonymous mutations, where G\u2009&gt;\u2009U were over\u2010represented. Notably, G\u2010loss substitutions rarely appeared together. Instead, G\u2010gain mutations tended to more frequently co\u2010occur with others, with a marked preference in the S protein, suggesting a compensatory mechanism for G loss in G\u2009&gt;\u2009U mutations. The temporal patterns revealed C\u2009&gt;\u2009U frequency declined until late 2021 then resurged in early 2022. Conversely, G\u2009&gt;\u2009U steadily decreased, with a pronounced drop in January 2022, coinciding with reduced COVID\u201019 severity. Vaccinated individuals exhibited a slightly but significantly higher C\u2009&gt;\u2009U frequency and a notably lower G\u2009&gt;\u2009U frequency compared to the unvaccinated group. Additionally, cancer patients had higher G\u2009&gt;\u2009U frequency than general patients during the same period. Interestingly, none of the C\u2009&gt;\u2009U SNVs were uniquely identified in 2724 environmental samples. These findings suggest novel functional roles of G\u2009&gt;\u2009U in COVID\u201019 symptoms, potentially linked to oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species, while C\u2009&gt;\u2009U remains the dominant substitution, likely driven by host immune\u2010mediated RNA editing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T07:18:48Z","timestamp":1744960728000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enrichment of G\u2010to\u2010U Substitution in SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Functional Regions and Its Compensation via Concurrent Mutations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Xierzhatijiang","family":"Sulaiman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana 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