{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T23:15:49Z","timestamp":1775690149706,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The recent emergence of the H5N1 influenza virus in dairy cattle has raised significant public health concerns. Using a previously established pseudovirus\u2010based neutralization assay, we evaluated the impact of emerging hemagglutinin (HA) mutations on the efficacy of current candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs). Neutralization analysis revealed that the cow\u2010derived H5N1 virus showed up to a 2.2\u2010fold reduction in sensitivity compared to the CVV homologous neutralization titers. Among the 1,453 HA sequences analyzed from cow\u2010derived H5N1 viruses, we identified four major mutations (E2K, D104G, V147M, and S336N) that emerged after the initial isolation, with 134 isolates (9.22%) harboring all four mutations. These multi\u2010mutation variants exhibited up to a 3.3\u2010fold reduction compared with the CVV homologous neutralization titers. Single\u2010mutation analysis demonstrated that the D104G mutation, present in 47.8% of sequences, markedly contributed to antibody escape. Our findings highlight the importance of continued surveillance and antigenic evaluation of emerging variants for pandemic preparedness strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T06:10:12Z","timestamp":1747203012000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Emergence of Antigenic Variants in Bovine H5N1 Influenza Viruses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2219-6839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kei","family":"Miyakawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Japan Institute for Health Security Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Japan Institute for Health Security Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology Yokohama City University School of Medicine Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Ota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Japan Institute for Health Security Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology Yokohama City University School of Medicine Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaori","family":"Sano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Japan Institute for Health Security Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fumitaka","family":"Momose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Testing and Technology Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Japan Institute for Health Security Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noriko","family":"Kishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Japan Institute for Health Security Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Arita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Japan Institute for Health Security Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasushi","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Japan Institute for Health Security Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Shirakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Japan Institute for Health Security Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Asanuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Japan Institute for Health Security Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Japan Institute for Health Security Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Japan Institute for Health Security Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Institute for Vaccine Research and Development Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3007.240508"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07766-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08063-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07849-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"CDC.CDC Reports Fourth Human Case of H5 Bird Flu Tied to Dairy Cow Outbreak.2024. Accessed February 15 2025 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2024\/p-0703-4th-human-case-h5.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08254-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08246-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adt0180"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54934-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"WHO.Summary of Status of Development and Availability of A(H5N1) Candidate Vaccine Viruses and Potency Testing Reagents.2024. Accessed February 15 2025 https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/influenza\/cvvs\/cvv-zoonotic-northern-hemisphere-2024-2025\/h5n1_summary_a_h5n1_cvv_20240223.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70048"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6750-9-61"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0433-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023791"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.70394","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T09:37:33Z","timestamp":1754905053000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmv.70394"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmv.70394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.70394","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-6615","1096-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-6615","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70394"}}