{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T17:54:14Z","timestamp":1789754054417,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]],"date-time":"2025-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Long\u2010term consequences of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection are unknown since recovered individuals can experience symptoms and latent viral reactivation for months. Indeed, acute post\u2010infection sequelae have also been observed in other respiratory viral infections, including influenza. To characterize post\u2010COVID\u201019 and post\u2010influenza induced alterations to the cellular immunome, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from patients 3 months after recovery from COVID\u201019 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200993) or influenza (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200925), and from pre\u2010pandemic healthy controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200925). PBMCs were characterized using a 40\u2010plex mass cytometry panel. Principal component analysis (PCA), classification models, and K\u2010means clustering were subsequently applied. PCA identified distinct immune profiles between cohorts, with both post\u2010COVID and post\u2010flu patients displaying an altered chemokine receptor expression compared to pre\u2010pandemic healthy controls. These alterations were more prominent in post\u2010COVID patients since they exhibited highly increased expression of chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR6 by various lymphoid populations, while post\u2010influenza patients mainly showed a decrease in CCR4 expression by na\u00efve T cells, monocytes, and conventional dendritic cells. Classification models using immunophenotyping data confirm the three groups, while K\u2010means clustering revealed two subgroups among post\u2010COVID patients, with younger patients showing more pronounced immune alterations in the chemokine receptor profile, independently of long COVID symptoms. In conclusion, post\u2010COVID and post\u2010influenza patients exhibit distinct and unique persistent immune alterations. Understanding these altered immune profiles can guide targeted therapies for post\u2010COVID syndrome and highlight differences in immune recovery from various respiratory infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]],"date-time":"2025-06-07T06:59:54Z","timestamp":1749279594000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["High\u2010Dimensional Immunophenotyping of Post\u2010COVID\u201019 and Post\u2010Influenza Patients Reveals Persistent and Specific Immune Signatures After Acute Respiratory Infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Francisco","family":"P\u00e9rez\u2010C\u00f3zar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer\u2010University of Granada\u2010Junta de Andaluc\u00eda Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO). Pfizer\/University of Granada\/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paloma","family":"Cal\u2010Sabater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Lab. Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics (IBGM, University of Valladolid\u2010CSIC) Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Rybakowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer\u2010University of Granada\u2010Junta de Andaluc\u00eda Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO). Pfizer\/University of Granada\/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Arribas\u2010Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Lab. Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics (IBGM, University of Valladolid\u2010CSIC) Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Fiz\u2010L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Lab. Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics (IBGM, University of Valladolid\u2010CSIC) Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Blesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Lab. Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics (IBGM, University of Valladolid\u2010CSIC) Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Lab. Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics (IBGM, University of Valladolid\u2010CSIC) Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valladolid Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Teller\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valladolid Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Novoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valladolid Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia Rojo","family":"Rello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Unit Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valladolid Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"De Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Lab. Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics (IBGM, University of Valladolid\u2010CSIC) Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e1ndido","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Lab. Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics (IBGM, University of Valladolid\u2010CSIC) Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Sedano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valladolid Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Dom\u00ednguez\u2010Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jes\u00fas","family":"Pe\u00f1arrubia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valladolid Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daan K. J.","family":"Pieren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Garrote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Lab. Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics (IBGM, University of Valladolid\u2010CSIC) Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Arranz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Lab. Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics (IBGM, University of Valladolid\u2010CSIC) Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Eiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Unit Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valladolid Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Tamayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universidad de Valladolid Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Ordu\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile A.C.M.","family":"van Els","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Due\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valladolid Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Concepci\u00f3n","family":"Mara\u00f1\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer\u2010University of Granada\u2010Junta de Andaluc\u00eda Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO). Pfizer\/University of Granada\/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Lab, Department of Paediatrics and Immunology University of Valladolid Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9890-1063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Cuesta\u2010Sancho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Lab, Department of Paediatrics and Immunology University of Valladolid Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.886431"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01122-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15372"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08117-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-1396"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24740527.2023.2272999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02228-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.85009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00232.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2196"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133698"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17497-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12470"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10059-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2010.0049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004194"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1914"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01104-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01724-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100208"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14647"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800671"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0770-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.23781"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.22271"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","first-page":"2349","article-title":"Orange: Data Mining Toolbox in Python","volume":"14","author":"Demsar J C. T.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.01.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073673"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.834862"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00734-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI16861"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34638-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202049046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.078"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abf5314"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242620"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00542-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2023.105188"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29245\/2578-3009\/2025\/1.1257"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042424"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2024.102486"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2365"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI163669"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.70435","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T03:40:55Z","timestamp":1752723655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmv.70435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmv.70435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.70435","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-6615","1096-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-6615","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70435"}}