{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:04:48Z","timestamp":1791975888925,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Bovine meat and milk factors (BMMFs) are plasmid\u2010like DNA molecules isolated from cow's milk, meat, and human cancer tissues proposed to contribute to the development of specific types of cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC) and breast cancer based on chronic inflammation\u2010associated indirect carcinogenesis. Chronic necro\u2010inflammation of the liver poses a strong risk factor for the induction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is associated with high intake of meat. Whether BMMFs contribute to HCC carcinogenesis or the development of colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) remains unknown. Therefore, in this study, the presence of BMMFs was assessed in the liver of patients with viral and nonviral hepatitis\u2010related HCC (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200925), CRLM (14) and in healthy liver tissue from autopsy specimens (18) using monoclonal antibodies against the conserved BMMF Rep protein for immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence detection, and immunoblotting. Rep was expressed in all tumor\u2010distant and peritumor tissue specimens of HCC and CRLM patients and associated with CD68\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    macrophages around portal triads. The number of Rep\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD68\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells was increased in HCC and CRLM patients compared to healthy liver tissue, which may indicate a link between BMMFs and tumor\u2010associated chronic inflammation in the liver. Exclusively in viral hepatitis\u2010linked HCC, Rep expression was also detected in the tumor. In addition, specifically in the liver of healthy individuals, we observed a well\u2010defined gradient Rep expression in hepatocytes around the central veins. Altogether, these observations may indicate that the presence of BMMFs in the liver is associated with chronic inflammation and may represent a novel risk factor or surrogate marker for liver cancer.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T11:40:58Z","timestamp":1753962058000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Expression of Bovine Meat and Milk Factor in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Colorectal Liver Metastasis Patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Sumen","family":"Siqin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Episomal\u2010Persistent DNA in Cancer\u2010 and Chronic Diseases German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Baden\u2010Wuerttemberg 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Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imke","family":"Grewe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Episomal\u2010Persistent DNA in Cancer\u2010 and Chronic Diseases German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Baden\u2010Wuerttemberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Gunst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Episomal\u2010Persistent DNA in Cancer\u2010 and Chronic Diseases German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Baden\u2010Wuerttemberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Ne\u00dfling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Core Facility German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Baden\u2010Wuerttemberg 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Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Feuerbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Cancer Genomics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Baden\u2010Wuerttemberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damir","family":"Krunic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Light Microscopy Facility German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Baden\u2010Wuerttemberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Tessmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility Antibodies German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Baden\u2010Wuerttemberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilse","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility Antibodies German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Baden\u2010Wuerttemberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emrullah","family":"Birgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Mannheim Baden\u2010Wuerttemberg Germany"},{"name":"Clinic for General and Visceral Surgery University Hospital Ulm Ulm Baden\u2010Wuerttemberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Brobeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Heidelberg Baden\u2010Wuerttemberg Germany"},{"name":"Tissue Bank of the National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg Baden\u2010Wuerttemberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuh","family":"Rahbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty 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