{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:06:56Z","timestamp":1790348816063,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Challenges persist regarding the influence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) on public health, with growing interest in future viral molecular variants. In this context, accurate predictions demand a thorough understanding of the virus's molecular evolution, especially proteins targeted by therapies, where certain discrepancies among studies exist. We analyzed thousands of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 genomes to assess the rate of evolution and molecular adaptation in the various SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 coding regions. We found an overall low genetic diversity along the genome, with fluctuations over time and among genomic regions, and a notable increase in the Omicron variant, especially in the\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>ORF6<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes. We also estimated an overall rate of molecular evolution of approximately 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    substitutions per site per year, though it varied among genomic regions and over time. Actually, most genomic regions did not follow the strict molecular clock. Regarding selective pressures, the protein\u2010coding regions of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 generally exhibited evidence of purifying selection, with local diversifying selection associated with virus transmission and replication. Overall, the molecular evolution of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 displays heterogeneity among genomic regions and over time. These findings suggest that forecasting SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 molecular evolution is not straightforward and remark the importance of continuing to monitor SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 evolution.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T19:57:30Z","timestamp":1757707050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Heterogeneous Evolution Among SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Genes and Variants of Concern"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Luis Daniel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CINBIO Universidade de Vigo Vigo Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology Universidade de Vigo Vigo Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Iglesias\u2010Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINBIO Universidade de Vigo Vigo Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology Universidade de Vigo Vigo Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ferreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINBIO Universidade de Vigo Vigo Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology Universidade de Vigo Vigo Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0516-2717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Arenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINBIO Universidade de Vigo Vigo Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology Universidade de Vigo Vigo Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2003.00518.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07307"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"WHO COVID\u201019 Epidemiological Update (2025) https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/covid-19-epidemiological-update-edition-176."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfimm\/iqac003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28098"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14020407"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28138"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"162","article-title":"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Variant Biology: Immune Escape, Transmission and Fitness","volume":"21","author":"Carabelli A. 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