{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T23:13:45Z","timestamp":1769901225224,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective cohort study aimed to monitor the humoral immune response to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 proteins over 3 years in relation to repeated vaccination or infection. Quantitative immunoassays traceable to international IgG units were used to measure and compare IgG levels against Wuhan type and Omicron spike\u2010S1 and nucleocapsid proteins over 3 years. In addition, the Euroimmun\u2010N\u2010test was used to determine positive IgG values against the nucleocapsid. A total of 1223 serum samples from 126 participants without evidence of COVID\u201019 at enrollment were analyzed and used to calculate antibody half\u2010lives following vaccination or infection, as reported by the questionnaire. Antibody levels and half\u2010life against both variants of the spike S1 protein increased significantly with each additional vaccination or after infection. IgG against the Wuhan type was, on average, three times higher than against the Omicron variant. The half\u2010lives of antibodies against the Wuhan type after the second and third vaccinations and after infection were significantly longer than those of IgG against the Omicron variant. Two\u2010thirds of the cohort reported COVID\u201019 infection, detected with a sensitivity of 70% by the quantitative nucleocapsid IgG assay and 83% by the Euroimmun\u2010N\u2010test. The level of anti\u2010nucleocapsid\u2010IgG after infection in the vaccinated cohort was significantly lower than anti\u2010S1\u2010IgG and also lower than in unvaccinated infected persons. Despite repeated vaccinations and progressively increasing IgG antibody levels targeting the spike protein, most of the cohort reported breakthrough infections, possibly due to the lower concentration and reduced half\u2010life of antibodies against the Omicron variant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T13:53:24Z","timestamp":1760795604000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Antibody Levels and Infections in Multiple Vaccinated Employees Over Time"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5014-4112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid","family":"Sander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance Institute of the Ruhr 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Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"B\u00fcnger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA) Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Weidhaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA) Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingolf","family":"Hosbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA) Bochum 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