{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:24:20Z","timestamp":1775841860254,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009592","name":"Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009592","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The COVID\u201019 pandemic highlights the need for mucosal vaccines inducing respiratory secretory IgA (sIgA), as traditional intramuscular vaccines primarily elicit systemic IgG with limited mucosal protection. This study systematically compared mucosal immune responses induced by two authorized COVID\u201019 mucosal vaccines: an orally aerosolized adenovirus vector\u2010based vaccine (Ad5\u2010nCoV) and an intranasal live\u2010attenuated influenza virus vector\u2010based vaccine (dNS1\u2010RBD). We longitudinally assessed IgA, IgA1, and IgA2 antibody titers against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 RBD\/Spike protein, alongside cytokine profiles, in nasal secretions and sputum from 40 participants at 7, 14, 28 days, and 3\/6 months post\u2010immunization. The orally aerosolized vaccine exhibited superior mucosal immunogenicity, with peak IgA positive conversion rate of 50% (nasal) and 65% (sputum) vs. 30% (nasal) and 40% (sputum) for the intranasal vaccine. Notably, the orally aerosolized vaccine induced sustained IgA2 dominance (&gt;\u200950%) in sputum at 6 months, whereas the intranasal vaccine showed transient IgA1 predominance followed by decline. Despite these differences, both vaccines elicited modest overall mucosal responses, with only IL\u20106 showing significant intergroup variation (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). This is a study to demonstrate compartmentalized IgA subclass dynamics between upper (nasal) and lower (sputum) respiratory tracts following mucosal vaccination. Our findings highlight the need for optimized mucosal vaccine formulations to enhance respiratory immunity, providing critical insights for developing next\u2010generation COVID\u201019 vaccines targeting the complex mucosal immune microenvironment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T01:56:21Z","timestamp":1760406981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Kinetics of IgA Subtypes and Cytokines in Respiratory Secretions Following Immunization With COVID\u201019 Mucosal Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Weixin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Surveillance, Early Warning and Pathogen Research on Emerging Infectious Diseases Beijing Research Center for Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Beijing Center for Disease 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