{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:14:19Z","timestamp":1790716459463,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Herpes zoster (HZ), an infection caused by varicella\u2010zoster virus (VZV) reactivation, results from an age\u2010related decline in VZV\u2010specific cell\u2010mediated immunity (CMI). Digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) precisely quantifies latent VZV DNA in the blood, a potential biomarker of subclinical viral reactivation and its association with HZ risk. This study assessed VZV\u2010specific CMI, latent viral burden, and humoral immunity in healthy adults according to age. We prospectively enrolled healthy adults aged between 40 and 80 years between February and April 2024. VZV\u2010specific CMI was quantified using interferon\u2010gamma enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent spot assay, latent VZV DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using ddPCR, and VZV\u2010specific IgG using enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay. VZV\u2010specific CMI declined significantly from age 40 (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.356,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001). Latent VZV burden increased from age 50 (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.459,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). VZV\u2010specific antibody levels showed no significant association with age (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.004,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.967). VZV\u2010specific T cell responses were lower in ddPCR\u2010positive compared with ddPCR\u2010negative individuals (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.095), although the difference was not statistically significant. VZV\u2010specific CMI declined from age 40, while latent viral load increased from age 50. Our findings suggest that ddPCR\u2010based quantification of latent VZV DNA may serve as a biomarker of subclinical viral reactivation, potentially informing HZ risk stratification and vaccination strategies. Further studies are required to validate the predictive value of ddPCR in identifying individuals at high risk of developing HZ.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T08:30:32Z","timestamp":1761035432000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Varicella\u2010Zoster Virus\u2010Specific Cell\u2010Mediated Immune Response Kinetics and Latent Viral Load Depending on Aging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Hyo\u2010Ju","family":"Son","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center Eulji University School of Medicine Uijeongbu Gyeonggi\u2010do Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Sanggye Paik Hospital Inje University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung\u2010Beom","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji\u2010Soo","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung Hwa","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center Eulji University School of Medicine Uijeongbu Gyeonggi\u2010do Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang\u2010Oh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6596-8253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung\u2010Han","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.362"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00052-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020192"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/379048"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24629"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116623"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-015-0056-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02592-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.4.619"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.79.20.12921-12933.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26846"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bsr20181170"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2019.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25185"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00803-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c02890"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25276"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1772678"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80715-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01151-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2010_31"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/528696"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700290"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2015.15.4.186"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2318"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.04.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy403"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268814002441"}],"container-title":["Journal 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