{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:45:47Z","timestamp":1791945947558,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI), characterized by the presence of HBV DNA in HBsAg\u2010negative individuals, poses a significant clinical risk among people living with HIV (PLWH), particularly in low\u2010resource settings. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and clinical implications of OBI among HIV\u2010positive patients with and without hepatitis C virus (HCV) co\u2010infection in Hamadan Province, Iran. A cross\u2010sectional study was conducted on 316 HIV\u2010infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) from 2020 to 2023. Serological markers (HBsAg, anti\u2010HBs, anti\u2010HBc) were analyzed via ELISA. OBI was diagnosed using nested PCR, and viral loads were quantified by qPCR. Demographic, immunologic, and hepatic parameters were statistically compared between subgroups. The prevalence of OBI was 2.5% (8\/316), with a higher occurrence among younger males and individuals with lower CD4+ counts. Co\u2010infection with HCV was present in 21.5% of participants, among whom OBI rates were elevated. OBI\u2010positive individuals exhibited altered liver enzyme levels and distinctive immunological profiles. Despite prior HBV vaccination in many cases, breakthrough OBI was observed, suggesting incomplete immune protection. OBI remains an underrecognized yet clinically significant comorbidity among PLWH. Regular HBV DNA screening, particularly in HCV\u2010co\u2010infected and immunocompromised individuals, is recommended to guide treatment decisions and mitigate liver\u2010related complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T08:21:36Z","timestamp":1763540496000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical and Immunological Impact of Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection Among HIV\u2010Infected Patients With and Without HCV Co\u2010Infection in Iran: A Cross\u2010Sectional Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Paria","family":"Fazli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somaye","family":"Bakhtiari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference Laboratory of Public Health Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farid Azizi","family":"Jalilian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran"},{"name":"Molecular Medicine Research Center Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Teimoori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0233-6494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nastaran","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran"},{"name":"Reference Laboratory of Public Health Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Occult HBV Infection in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"28","author":"Wu J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annals of Hepatology: Official Journal of the Mexican Association of Hepatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30042-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"WHO 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