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In this study, we investigated the stability of TBEV in milk under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. While milk is known to preserve viral infectivity at low temperatures, our results demonstrate that in the gastric environment and at physiological temperature, it exerts a destabilizing effect, significantly reducing TBEV viability. All major milk fractions\u2014whey, casein, and lipids\u2014contribute to this effect. This highlights the necessity for rapid transit of virus\u2010containing milk through the stomach to avoid inactivation. Conversely, in the intestinal environment, milk protects TBEV from bile salt\u2010mediated inactivation, allowing viral persistence in the upper small intestine. Casein was identified as the primary protective component counteracting bile salt disruption. These findings offer new insights into how milk can simultaneously act as a transmission vehicle and modulator of TBEV stability, advancing our understanding of alimentary infection routes and their implications for public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T13:40:28Z","timestamp":1766583628000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Milk Modulates the Gastrointestinal Stability of Tick\u2010Borne Encephalitis Virus: Implications for Alimentary Transmission"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6541-9135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Machacek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czechia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Viral Infections Veterinary Research Institute Brno Czechia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Berankova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czechia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Viral Infections Veterinary Research Institute Brno Czechia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Arbovirology, Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Ceske Budejovice Czechia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiri","family":"Salat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czechia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Viral Infections Veterinary Research Institute Brno Czechia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Arbovirology, Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Ceske Budejovice Czechia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4655-2380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Ruzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czechia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Viral Infections Veterinary Research Institute Brno Czechia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Arbovirology, Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Ceske Budejovice Czechia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2470"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2810.220498"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031812"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2024.102314"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.12.20128-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101513"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.863725"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2018.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-020-09427-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-012-0100-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.102028"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"98","article-title":"Alimentary Transmission of Tick\u2010Borne Encephalitis in the Czech Republic (1997\u20102008)","volume":"58","author":"Kr\u00edz B.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiologie, Mikrobiologie, Imunologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096957"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"271","article-title":"Resistance of Tick\u2010Borne Encephalitis Virus to Gastric Juice","volume":"3","author":"Pogodina V. 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