{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:04:57Z","timestamp":1785524697338,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prolonged detection of rhinovirus (RV) in secretions after a typical cold and asymptomatic shedding are frequently reported. Although RV has been detected in human hypertrophic tonsils, its replicative status and host cell range remain unclear. In this study, we analyzed RV replication, infected cell types, and recovery of infectious virus in adenoids, palatine tonsils, and respiratory secretions from 293 children with tonsillar hypertrophy undergoing tonsillectomy. Samples were screened by real\u2010time RT\u2010PCR, and RV\u2010positive samples were analyzed using immunohistochemistry (IHC), chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH), flow cytometry, and RV isolation in cell culture. RV genotypes from species A, B, and C were identified in adenotonsillar samples. RV antigenome and structural proteins were detected in tonsillar epithelial surfaces, parenchyma, and in CD4\u2009+\u2009T and B lymphocytes. Infectious RV was recovered from adenoids and respiratory secretions. In vitro infection of tonsillar mononuclear cells with RV\u201016 and RV\u20101A resulted in viral progeny production and secretion of distinct cytokine profiles. These findings demonstrate that RV infects tonsillar T and B lymphocytes, suggesting that tonsils can serve as sites of prolonged infection and sources of RV shedding. RV infection of immune cells may have potential impact on the local immune microenvironment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T11:55:08Z","timestamp":1769255708000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rhinovirus Infects B and CD4 T Lymphocytes in Hypertrophic Tonsils in Children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8902-5962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronaldo","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Analyzes, Toxicology and Food Science (DACTB) University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Virology Research Center University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia E.","family":"de Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Virology Research Center University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talita B. 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