{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T09:48:06Z","timestamp":1782467286867,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Histatins are histidine\u2010rich antimicrobial peptides with emerging immunomodulatory properties; however, their systemic behavior across the clinical spectrum of COVID\u201019 remains unknown. We aimed to characterize serum histatin levels in patients with mild COVID\u201019 (without pneumonia) and severe COVID\u201019 (with pneumonia) and to explore factors potentially associated with their variation. Ninety individuals were prospectively enrolled: healthy controls (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200930), patients with mild COVID\u201019 (without pneumonia (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200930), and patients with severe COVID\u201019 (with pneumonia receiving corticosteroid therapy (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200930). Serum histatin\u20101, histatin\u20103, and histatin\u20105 concentrations were quantified by ELISA. Group comparisons were performed using Kruskal\u2013Wallis and Mann\u2013Whitney\n                    <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                    tests; correlations were assessed using Pearson coefficients. Histatin\u20101 did not differ among groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.161). Both histatin\u20103 and histatin\u20105 were significantly reduced in mild COVID\u201019 compared with controls (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.004 and\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.002, respectively). Unexpectedly, patients with severe COVID\u201019, all of whom were receiving corticosteroids, did not exhibit further histatin reductions; their levels were comparable to controls and significantly higher than the mild group (histatin\u20103\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.016; histatin\u20105\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.028). Histatin\u20103 correlated significantly with ferritin (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.413;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.009), D\u2010dimer (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.369;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.021), and albumin (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.330;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.018). SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection without pneumonia was associated with significantly lower serum histatin\u20103 and histatin\u20105 levels. In contrast, histatin levels were preserved in patients with severe COVID\u201019 and pneumonia who were receiving corticosteroid therapy. Because of the cross\u2010sectional design, this finding should be interpreted as an association rather than evidence of a treatment effect. The observed correlations between histatin\u20103 and ferritin, D\u2010dimer, and albumin further suggest that histatin\u20103 may be linked to acute\u2010phase and inflammatory responses during COVID\u201019.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.71009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T08:41:51Z","timestamp":1781080911000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum Histatin Levels in COVID\u201019: Association With Disease Severity and Immune Status"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7154-4676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umut","family":"Ayd\u0131n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc University Malatya Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deccane","family":"D\u00fczenci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Fethi Sekin City Hospital Elaz\u0131\u011f Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramazan Faz\u0131l","family":"Akko\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine F\u0131rat University Elaz\u0131\u011f Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Karata\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine F\u0131rat University Elaz\u0131\u011f Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2020.1770685"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2020-111536"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","article-title":"Membrane Attack Complexes and Inflammatory Markers in COVID\u201019","volume":"12","author":"Wang C.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in 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