{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T09:47:52Z","timestamp":1782467272945,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are common in children and are caused by viral and bacterial pathogens. However, seasonal variability and limited age\u2010specific data obscure a clear understanding of their epidemiology and clinical outcomes. The annual incidence of respiratory pathogens, co\u2010infections, and disease burden was retrospectively investigated. Clinical data and respiratory swabs were collected from children &lt;\u200918 years who presented with respiratory symptoms at a Dutch Emergency Room between 2015 and 2023. Swabs were tested for 20 common pathogens using MLPA technology. In total, 3575 samples were collected from 2969 children. 74% of swabs were positive for at least one pathogen. Rhinovirus (RV: 36.8%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV: 19.5%), and adenovirus (5.3%) were detected most often. Pathogen co\u2010detections occurred in 20.8% of all positive samples, with the combination RV\u2010bocavirus (3.6%) being the most common. In &lt;\u200912\u2010month\u2010olds, the need for hospitalization was associated with RV (84%), RSV (84%), or influenza (80%). After adjusting for covariates, the need for respiratory support was associated with infections caused by human metapneumovirus and RSV. Interestingly,\n                    <jats:italic>Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    was circulating year\u2010round and almost exclusively identified in children over 2 years of age, of whom most required hospitalization (81%), respiratory support (60%), and antibiotics (89%). Longitudinal data collected over nearly a decade provided insights into the seasonality and burden of respiratory pathogens in children. RSV burden remains high, especially in infants &lt;\u20096 months, whereas M. pneumoniae infections are common, especially in children &gt;\u20092 years. These results may inform current diagnostic guidelines and suggest age\u2010specific adaptations and monitoring.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.71022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T06:01:57Z","timestamp":1782280917000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long\u2010Term Dynamics of Pediatric Respiratory Pathogens Before, During, and After the COVID\u201019 Pandemic: Evidence From Nine Years of Surveillance in the Netherlands (2015\u20132023)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3774-6097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elandri","family":"Fourie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Spaarne Gasthuis Academy Spaarne Hospital  Haarlem and Hoofddorp North Holland 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