{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T14:28:39Z","timestamp":1787668119472,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RM124190A260C1F0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM124190A260C1F0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study examined changes in anti\u2010Spike (anti\u2010S) antibodies (Abs) and type I interferon (IFN\u2010I) following the BNT162b2 vaccine in people living with HIV (PLWH) and analyzed the impact of demographic and immunological factors. In total, 75 PLWH and 28 healthy donors were followed at baseline (T0), at the second dose (T1), after the second dose (T2), and more than 1 year later (T3). Anti\u2010S Abs were assessed by chemiluminescence and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)\u2010based pseudo virus\u2010neutralization assay, while IFN\u2010\u03b12, IFN\u2010\u03b2, and IFN\u2010\u03c9 mRNA levels were measured by RT\u2010Real Time PCR. PLWH showed an increase in anti\u2010S Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels comparable to healthy donors (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and an induction of anti\u2010S neutralizing Abs (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.014 for T2 vs. T3). Age, gender, CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell count, exposure to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) and IFN\u2010I levels at T0 did not affect the anti\u2010S IgG production. IFN\u2010I gene expression showed temporal changes, with a decrease at T2 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and a subsequent increase at T3 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, for IFN\u2010\u03b12 and IFN\u2010\u03c9). A multivariable model revealed no overall change in the IFN\u2010I response over time, except for IFN\u2010\u03b2, which was lower at T3 than at T1 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.032). CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell count was positively correlated with the IFN\u2010I response (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). These results suggest that mRNA vaccination can elicit an effective anti\u2010S response and modulate the IFN\u2010\u03b2 gene expression in PLWH, with CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell count being a key determinant of vaccine\u2010induced changes in IFN.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.71067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T07:31:16Z","timestamp":1785137476000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 mRNA Vaccination Induces Neutralizing Antibodies and Type I IFN Changes in People Living With HIV"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9086-4659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Frasca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Life Sciences European University of Rome Rome 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