{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T15:00:53Z","timestamp":1789743653967,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006662","name":"National Institute on Handicapped Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR203338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006662","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Estimates of population prevalence and genetic diversity of bloodborne viruses in healthy humans are essential to support population\u2010scale monitoring for transfusion transmission risk. In the UK and globally, blood donations are routinely screened for a limited number of high\u2010consequence pathogens, but the full composition of the plasma virome remains to be characterized. Using a novel quantitative targeted metagenomics sequencing approach, we analyzed previously unscreened plasma donations collected by NHS Blood and Transplant in England for all major pathogenic and known commensal human bloodborne viruses, and quantified their viral burden. Here we show that in a representative sample of 5064 UK blood donors in pools of 24 collected over a 1\u2010month period, the virome was dominated by a small number of largely persistent species, representing &lt;\u200910% (10\/106) of previously identified human bloodborne viruses. The principal genera of human anelloviruses (TTV, TTMV and TTMDV) were detected in 89% of pools, albeit at low read count, inconsistent with measured anellovirus viral loads. In contrast, human pegivirus type 1 (HPgV\u20101), had an estimated population prevalence of 3.7% (95% CI 3.0%\u20134.4%), with high read count and complete genome recovery in around one half of positive pools, consistent with high titer in plasma. Less common detections included one species of gemykibovirus in five separate plasma pools, one hepatitis C virus (genotype 1a), and polyomaviruses and herpesviruses with prevalences between 0.04% (parvovirus 4, BK polyomavirus) to 0.41% (human herpesvirus 6). Phylogenetic analyses revealed mixed TTV, TTMV, and TTMDV populations and almost exclusively genotype 2 HPgV\u20101, consistent with known genotype distributions in Europe. Our results provide a baseline for describing the healthy plasma virome in UK blood donors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.71081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T05:02:17Z","timestamp":1785214937000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Snapshot of the UK Blood Donor Plasma Virome: A Retrospective Cross\u2010Sectional Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Kean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medawar Pathogen Research Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1915-4993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard M.","family":"Mayne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medawar Pathogen Research Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlin","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medawar Pathogen Research Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8772-5755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannah","family":"Secret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medawar Pathogen Research Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belinda K.","family":"Singleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHS Blood and Transplant  Filton Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Rockett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piya","family":"Rajendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radcliffe Department of Medicine, West Wing John Radcliffe Hospital University of Oxford  Oxfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heli","family":"Harvala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radcliffe Department of Medicine, West Wing John Radcliffe Hospital University of Oxford  Oxfordshire UK"},{"name":"Microbiology Services NHS Blood and Transplant  London UK"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine University of Turku and University Hospital Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Breuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Child Health University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Azim Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medawar Pathogen Research Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Lythgoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Life and Mind Building University of Oxford  UK"},{"name":"Pandemic Sciences Institute University of Oxford  UK"},{"name":"Big Data Institute University of Oxford  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Simmonds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine University of Turku and University Hospital Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"MRC University of Glasgow, Centre for Virus Research Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Golubchik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radcliffe Department of Medicine, West Wing John Radcliffe Hospital University of Oxford  Oxfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"S.Narayan SHOT Steering Group. (2024).The 2024 Annual SHOT Report Manchester: Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) Steering Group."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006292"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae871"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010micro\u2010102215\u2010095431"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000499088"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915\u2010014\u20100071\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866\u2010024\u201003187\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2022.105348"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168\u2010022\u201001244\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00382-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201046648\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg0821"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29774"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2022\u20100401"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.70041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2017.279893"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2017.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.1.68\u201073.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.4.2418\u20102425.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veaf002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01703\u201007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01207\u201008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl158"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkf436"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.Bonsall M. A.Ansari C.Ip et al. STOP\u2010HCV Consortium. (2015). Ve\u2010SEQ: Robust unbiased enrichment for streamlined detection and whole\u2010genome sequencing of HCV and other highly diverse pathogens. InF1000Res(4 p.1062) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.7111.1.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7111.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btae591"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","unstructured":"E.Sergeant(2018).Epitools Epidemiological Calculators."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14919"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915\u2010014\u20100087\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2022.2029328"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12638"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206273"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15321819.2023.2167520"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807009661"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01846\u201024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2013.06.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2022.199004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12876"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vew037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2022.103516"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00219\u201024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz072"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050723"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010026\u201010288\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168\u2010024\u201001855\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588\u2010024\u201002022\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.103009"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.71081","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jmv.71081","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.71081","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T13:34:13Z","timestamp":1787664853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmv.71081"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmv.71081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.71081","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-6615","1096-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-6615","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71081"}}