{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:38:00Z","timestamp":1792665480386,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rabies remains a fatal zoonotic disease caused by rabies virus (RABV), posing substantial global health challenges. Current vaccine production faces challenges in manufacturing efficiency and cost\u2010effectiveness. Inactivated vaccines without any adjuvants are the sole vaccines licensed for the prophylaxis of rabies. We developed a novel QS21+CpG\u2010adjuvanted inactivated vaccine and systematically compared its performance against inactivated vaccine and Alum\u2010adjuvanted inactivated vaccine. The result shows the QS21+CpG\u2010adjuvanted inactivated vaccine elicited superior humoral immunity, as evidenced by significantly higher RABV\u2010specific IgG titers and virus\u2010neutralizing antibody responses compared to all other groups. The QS21+CpG\u2010adjuvanted inactivated vaccine maintained its expected cellular immunity advantage, with significantly increased frequencies of IFN\u2010\u03b3\u2010 and IL\u20102\u2010secreting splenocytes, as well as elevated IFN\u2010\u03b3 and IL\u20102 levels in splenocyte culture supernatants. Both QS21+CpG and Alum\u2010adjuvanted inactivated vaccine groups provided 100% protection against lethal challenge. These findings provide novel adjuvant strategies for licensed inactivated rabies vaccines and offer critical insights for pathogens requiring robust humoral and Th1\u2010biased cellular immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.71179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:41:23Z","timestamp":1792662083000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A QS21+ CpG\u2010Adjuvanted Inactivated Vaccine Elicits Superior Humoral and Moderate Cellular Immunity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Han","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College Kunming Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College Kunming Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anguo","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College Kunming Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8559-7464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ning","family":"Luan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College Kunming Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxi","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College Kunming Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4331-2086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College Kunming Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2101-2612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cunbao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College Kunming Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2026.106380","article-title":"New Treatments to Rabies Virus Infections","volume":"248","author":"Yuan S.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Antiviral Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14020132","article-title":"Advances in Adjuvanted Rabies Vaccines","volume":"14","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13020380","article-title":"Infection and Prevention of Rabies Viruses","volume":"13","author":"Chen S. 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