{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:59:04Z","timestamp":1787500744496,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,20]],"date-time":"2001-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1006214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Neuroscience Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The tangential nucleus is a major part of the avian vestibular nuclear complex, and its principal cells are structurally distinctive neurons participating in the vestibuloocular and vestibulocollic reflexes. After unilateral peripheral vestibular lesion, a behavioral recovery of function defined as vestibular compensation is observed. Because sprouting and hypertrophy of synapses have been reported in other regions of immature animals after central nervous system injury, we investigated whether this also occurs in the vestibular nuclei during compensation. To test this hypothesis, unilateral vestibular ganglionectomy was performed on 4\u20136\u2010day\u2010old hatchlings and vestibular function was tested during the next 2 months. Degeneration and evidence for regeneration of synapses were studied in the tangential nucleus at 1, 3, 7, and 56 days after surgery. Spoon endings, large vestibular terminals on the principal somata, degenerated 1\u20133 days after surgery. However, the small synaptic terminals showed no significant change in the percentage or number covering the soma or in mean terminal lengths in the deafferented or contralateral tangential nucleus. Furthermore, there was no evidence of neuron death in the tangential nucleus. Vestibular compensation occurred in three stages: 0\u20133 days, when vestibular synapses degenerated and severe behavioral deficits were seen; 4\u20139 days, when primary vestibular fibers degenerated centrally and marked improvement in both the static and the dynamic symptoms were observed; and 10\u201356 days, when changes in neuronal morphology were not detected but the dynamic symptoms gradually improved. Accordingly, after unilateral vestibular ganglionectomy, vestibular compensation proceeded without ultrastructural evidence of sprouting or hypertrophy of axosomatic synapses in the hatchling tangential nucleus. This rapid behavioral recovery of function distinguishes the vestibular system from other sensory systems, which, in general, exhibit much less robust recovery after injury to their peripheral receptors. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,27]],"date-time":"2004-10-27T22:34:38Z","timestamp":1098916478000},"page":"122-138","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Vestibular compensation after ganglionectomy: Ultrastructural study of the tangential vestibular nucleus and behavioral study of the hatchling chick"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Eric M.","family":"Aldrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenna D.","family":"Peusner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090940210"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19991001)58:1<33::AID-JNR5>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00658-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01660-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"CRC standard mathematical tables","author":"Beyer WH","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000124314"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"255","volume-title":"Neural mechanisms of behavior in pigeons","author":"Boord RL","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902310403"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)64125-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5973","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-10-05973.1994","article-title":"The astrocytic response to afferent activity blockade in chick nucleus magnocellularis is independent of synaptic activation, age, and neuronal survival","volume":"14","author":"Canady KS","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91265-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902960211"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902970409"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01562-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0957-4271(95)02042-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(00)00002-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401740310"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00238914"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00235289"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-68074-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(00)00165-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948809700108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488909098981"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000501"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902320204"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949510400508"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401940306"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)02600-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"78","article-title":"Vestibular compensation. 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